Emma Goldman

You can never imagine a world without Emma Goldman. Emma Goldman died on May 14, 1940. Emma dedicated her life to the creation of a radically social order. Also, she embraced anarchism for its vision; and it offered liberty, harmony, and social Justice. She had a deep commitment to absolute freedom and that led her to espouse a range of controversial causes. Goldman was a radical thinker. Forty years on she is more than emblematic, she is iconic. Emma Goldman was born in the imperial city of Russia of Kovno on June 27, 1869. Emma's mother Taube was married to a man when he was 15 years old He later died and she was left with two children.Emma's mother had a second marriage arranged to Abraham Goldman. First of all, when Emma was a child she constantly was abused by her stepfather when she displeased him. Emma was uncontrollable and rebellious to her stepfather â€Å"I'll kill that brat†, he often said. (Gornick 7). Also, the family constantly moved from Konovo to Konigsberg to Petersburg. Emma's education was very limited. Although she passed the exam to secondary school, she was denied the character reference necessary for admission. The religion teacher declared her â€Å"a terrible child who would grow into a worse woman† (Gornick 7. When Emma became 12 years old education came to an end for her. When Emma was 16 years old her father told her it was time for her to get married and he would arrange this. She begged once more to return to school instead of getting married. Emma begged her father to immigrate to the United States with her sister Helena; they both wanted to Join their older sister Lena already living in upstate New York. She had threated suicide to her stepfather because her stepfather did not let her immigrate and later he let her go. In 1885, Emma immigrated to the United States and settled in Rochester, New York.She began working in clothing factories in 1886 and by the age of fifteen she worked in a corset factory. Also, Emma w orked 10 hours a day and Emma only made two and a half dollars a week. Emma met Joseph Kershner at one of her Jobs and he also shared a love for books and hatred for work. She was only 18 years old when he had convinced her that they should marry. Moreover, she learned that he was depressed and he was attracted to Emma because he thought his vitality would rescue from himself. She sued him for divorce and left him within a few months of their wedding.By 1889, she developed anarchist ideas. Her speeches attracted attention in the United States. Emma formed a close association with Alexander Beckman who was imprisoned during 1892 for attempting to assassinate Henry Clay Flink during the Homestead Steel Strike. Beckman was Goldman's first real love. Hecklers suppressed her lectures. Also, police officers would suppress her speeches and writing. Eventually, she was arrested so often that she began to carry a book wherever she went because she feared sitting in Jail with nothing to read. Emma was arrested in New York City in 1893 for inciting a riot when a group of unemployed workers reacted to a speech she had given. Goldman embarked on tours in Europe and the United States after her release from prison. In 1906, she had founded Mother Earth, a Moreover, in 1908 Goldman's naturalization as a citizen was revoked by a legal stratagem. She had published â€Å"Anarchism† and other essays two years later. Emma Goldman went to Jail because she spoke freely on birth control. When World War I broke out in Europe she opposed United States involvement and she later agitated against military conscription.In June 1917 she was sentenced for two years for these activities. In 1901, Leon Czologosz claiming he was acting under Goldman's influence, assassinated Although she had not been involved and only met him briefly, she was arrested immediately as an accomplice. Lack of evidence eventually forced the authorities to release her from prison. In September 1919 she was caug ht in hysteria over a largely imaginary network of communist operatives. Emma was called Red Emma because she was declared a subversive alien and she was deported to the Soviet Union. She did not stay there for very long.Two years after leaving she ecounted her experiences in her book My Disillusionment in Russia (1923). Goldman was an advocate for birth control, workers' rights, equality, sexual freedom, and independence for women. Also, she was either harassed or arrested anytime she gave a lecture and she was also banned outright for speaking sometimes. Goldman had become a prominent fgure as a woman in the fght for freedom in America, for economic freedom for women, racial education, and anti-militarism Even though Emma was hostile against religion she had core beliefs emerging from a Jewish tradition that had championed a universal Justice.Emma applied her ideas about free love to women, men, homosexuals, and heterosexuals consistently. Emma believed that individuals should ent er into and leave personal relationships with no constraints, a view determined by her commitment to the principle of absolute freedom and her experience of a failed marriage. She stated, â€Å"If I ever love a man again I will give myself to him without being bound by the rabbi or the law, and when that love dies, I will leave without permission. † (Goldman 1889). Goldman helped launch the No Conscription League in May 1917, soon after the entry into World War .She and Berkman were arrested for conspiring against the draft in 1917. Emma had argued her actions far from being anti American, were intended to prompt her adopted country to live up to its own ideas. Emma believed that the United States they had no right to make a war and she was a pacifist. Also, rather than organizing a conspiracy to obstruct the draft, she said, she had been claiming to exercise her rights to free rights and she had been educating her audiences about conscientious objection. After Goldman's rele ase she was re arrested on the order of the young J.Edgar Hoover, who had persuaded the courts to deny Goldman's citizenship. In 1920 she and Beckman had questioned the Soviet leader on the lack of freedom of speech and the press and the persecution of anarchists in Soviet Russia. Goldman spent the rest of her days in exile from the United States wandering through Sweden, Germany, France, England, and Canada. In 1925, she married an English Coal Miner but it was only a formality to obtain her British citizenship. In the 1920s and 1930s she struggled economically and was frustrated by the restrictions on her status as an xile on political activities.Also, she engaged herself in literary projects and in 1931 she wrote an autobiography Living My Life. Emma became increasingly concerned about the rising tide of Fascism and Nazism. The next several years she lectured Canada where she worked to gain asylum for Spanish refugees and helped foreign born radicals threatened with deportation t o fascist countries. For example in July 1936, when the Spanish American War erupted Goldman supported the Loyalist cause with an enthusiasm reminiscent of her early years in America. â€Å"In addition, narchists had succeeded in receiving popular support in parts of Spain.

Isllc Standard 2

Running Head: BENCHMARK ASSESSMENT YELLOW GROUP Understanding by Design: ISLLC Standard 2 Benchmark Assessment: Deborah D. Harris Grand Canyon University: EDA 534: Educational Administration Foundation and Framework September 12, 2012 Unwrapping the ISLLC Standards: Standard 2 Concepts and Skills T Chart What administrators â€Å"need to know† and â€Å"be able to do† Concepts (Nouns) – underline |Skills (Verbs) – highlight/circle | |â€Å"knowledge† |â€Å"admin will be able to do† | |List Concept (list specific knowledge of concept) |Record Skills |Level of Blooms | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Big Ideas/Enduring Understandings: Represent the main ideas, conclusions, or generalizations about the â€Å"unwrapped† concepts and skills in a focused instructional unit of study. Ask yourself: â€Å"What do is the big idea of the standard? What do I want my staff to remember long after they leave the room? | | | Essential Questions : What engaging questions will lead administrators to discover the â€Å"big ideas† of Standard 2? Essential questions should be written in an open-ended response and should match the rigor of the concepts and skills outlined within the standard. Essential Questions: | | | |Knowledge Indicators: What the school leader needs to know in order to promote the success of all students? | | | | | | | | | Disposition Indicators: Denotes an individual’s beliefs, values, and type of commitment that tend to be most effective in a school situation. | | | | | | | | Performance Indicators and Skills: What should an educational leader be able to do effectively to move a chose institution from the existing state of performance to the desire state of performance? | | | | | | | | References Wiggins, G. , & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design (2nd ed. ). Alexandria, VA: ASCD The Council of Chief State School Officers. Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium: Sta ndards for School Leaders (1996). Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Bloom's taxonomy [On-line: UK] retrieved 5 September 2012 from http://www. learningandteaching. info/learning/bloomtax. htm

Walt Disney Company Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Walt Disney Company - Research Proposal Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is Walt Disney Company that mostly referred to as the Disney was started as a family company and grew to become one of the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. The Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry and later transformed to diversify into live action film production, television and travel. Further, the Walt Disney Company has created new divisions within the company so as to enhance marketing of more mature content than, it typically associates with its flagship family oriented brands. Under the leadership of its new Chief Executive Officer, Bob Iger, Disney has rejuvenated its emphasis on its core strategy and distributing attractive content for children, as well as syndicating this content through its various entertainment channels. From my survey, it is critical to note that, the Walt Disney Company has remained successful fo r many years by making strategic choices that enabled it to build a sustainable competitive advantage over the other companies. The company has made wise decisions, through the guidance of its notable leaders since its inception in the 1920’s, on which resources and capabilities to develop, and on how to utilize them, keeping in mind the competitive environment. Disney Company has acquired a position that is very different from its competitors. Disney has in the last few decades moved into a wider market, starting with the Disney Channel on cable to the establishment of subdivisions like the Touchstone Pictures in the production of films and the establishment of its footing on a broader range. The company is well known for its products and film studio, the Walt Disney Pictures Group, it has emerged as one of the largest and best known studios in Hollywood. With its early well known cartoon creation, Mickey Mouse, it has been established as the official mascot of The Walt Disn ey Company (Corner et al. 1998). Additionally, with the company’s initial selling cartoon of Alice’s in Wonderland, Disney has established itself in the industry of cartoon production. With a clear emphasis on Disney’s success in the family entertainment, this paper clearly outlines the concept behind the creation of a firm production industry with reference to effective leadership and guidance of the management board. This paper will clearly outline the revenue generation of Disney with reference to strategic measures made by its management team, to enhance sustainability in the entertainment industry. Company Operations The Walt Disney Company which started in 1923 as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, has grown tremendously to become the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. With its outgrown capacity in the family entertainment, Disney has grown hugely in various aspects to acquire vast revenue as discussed here. The overall advertising s pending is largely driven by the economy, as well as the presence of large scale television events like the world cup or Olympics. The success affiliated with Disney in the attraction of advertisement money and affiliates fees brings

Aluminum foam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aluminum foam - Essay Example The tortuous path and the controlled pressure drop across the foam ensure that the necessary micro-turbulent mixing required for proper mixing of gases is achieved. Thus aluminum foam is used as gas diffusers and mixers. In addition, these foams have found application as liquid/gas separator as a result of the three-dimensional continuous ligament, which facilitate the complete removal of entrained liquids. The continuously connected aluminum structure ensures that particles are not generated within the liquid/gas generator. As energy and impact absorbent (ERG; MIT) Aluminum foam can act as energy and impact absorbent when the density and alloy of the foam are varied, provided the foam’s isotropic properties gives identical response without regards to impact angle. Indeed, it has been found that a high strength-to-weight ratio performs better and provides greater shear strength than honeycomb of the same density. As compact heat exchangers (ERG) The excellent heat conducting p roperty of aluminum combined with the high surface area to volume ratio as well as the ligament structure of the foam makes aluminum foam good compact heat exchangers. Indeed, the high surface area to volume ratio makes for more compact designs, while thorough mixing and efficient scrubbing of the heat exchange surfaces is provided by the ligament structure. ... Other applications of aluminum foams (ERG) Their cellular nature mimics those of cancerous bone materials found in the body. Thus aluminum foam is used in bio-mimicking in orthopedic research and testing. In addition, the foams can be incorporated into systems as spark and flame arrestor as a result of their low-pressure drops properties. Furthermore, these foams are highly desirable for fuel cell applications due to their open structures. Indeed, the foams have being used in this regards by military, emergency, industrial and recreational personnel. As mentioned above, aluminum is reputed for its excellent heat as well as electricity conducting properties. These properties combined with the foam’s cellular nature has made it an excellent heat exchange media and chemical support matrix for atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide control system on the space shuttle and International Space Station. Unlike the amine powder granules that can also provide similar chemical support for atmosph eric carbon (IV) oxide, but require heat to initiate the process, the aluminum foam does not require any heat to kick off the reaction. Thus the foam is more efficient and has faster response rate. Works Cited ERG. ERG Materials and Aerospace Corp. 2011. 08 May 2011 . MIT. Technology Review. 11 July 2006. 08 May 2011

Apple SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple SWOT analysis - Essay Example Apple Incorporated is also known to produce highly differentiated product offerings. Aside from this company’s brands, the unique technology that Apple promotes to its target segments resulting to the production of differentiated offerings is a remarkable strength, because it stands out in the market. This is further supplemented by the ability of the company to establish patents for all of its product outputs, which means exclusive ownership and trademark for future advantage. Apple Incorporated is also known in the market as a firm with a high quality trademark. With its ability to promote not only innovation, but standardization of its technology, Apple is known as a company that will never settle for less. It has undergone a management standard which eventually helps boost its capacity strength to increase the quality of its offered products. As already stated, Apple is known to lead in the product innovation. This sets Apple to produce a remarkable trend in its industry, making it a market leader in this aspect. The kind of technology that Apple employs is a cutting-edge, to the extent that it has become a renowned benchmark in its industry. The development of smartphones and other potential progress in the future when it comes to the related technologies of these product offerings have become the turning point for Apple to be highly recognized not only by its competitors, but its potential target market segment. The above are just some of the potential strengths that one can possibly see in Apple, but these do not hinder the fact that the company also possesses some weaknesses. One weakness of Apple that others might consider as such is the change of management. Many speculations at this moment especially on the part of the investors that Apple will never be the same again and that Steve Jobs must have provided the best ingredient for the company to succeed. This means that the present management is in great danger to be compared with the previous management. This is a weakness because this is something that possesses negative advantage right directly at the internal level of the organization. This strongly connects to Apple’s changing business model that may also have potential implication on the shareholders (Lazonick, Mazzucato & Tulum, 2013, p.249). Another weakness of Apple is its creation of products that may be similar to those that will only cost less. This is evident from the products that companies from China and in other parts of the world have produced. One can avail of them at a lesser cost, but significantly provides the same level of functionality. Although Apple can brag of

An essay developing the depth of critical analysis of one particular

An developing the depth of critical analysis of one particular theoretical approach in which the student will reflect on how the concepts can be related t - Essay Example However, the key point is the assumption that the person already has the solution to virtually any problem: the therapist’s task is to guide the client toward that solution (McMillan, 2004). Developed in the 1930s by Carl Rogers, person-centred therapy partially evolved from the psychoanalytic theories that had dominated the psychological science in the beginning of 20th century. However, the new approach also departed substantially from the classical psychoanalysis. Thus, Rogers did not accept the detached role of the therapist conducting the therapy; the emphasis on maintaining a supportive environment, coupled with the need to establish closer personal relationship between the therapist and client were other innovative features of the new approach. Even Roger’s use of the term ‘client’ pursued the goal to eliminate the traditional perception of the highly hierarchical patient-doctor relationship: in PCT, it was precisely the client, not therapist who determined the overall direction of treatment, while the therapist guided the client with the help of questions (Bruno, 1977). These basic principles of PCT are similar to those that shape the core of the original psychological theory of Carl Roger. Rogers’ humanistic theory developed as an offshoot of his method of client-centred (later called person-centred) therapy. The fundamental of personality is psychological reality, the subjective experience according to which the reality is interpreted by human beings, and any person is an integrate unity that can never be divided into separate part: Rogers’ view of human behaviour is ‘exquisitely rational’. Humanistic perspectives actively criticized psychoanalytic theory for portraying people as being directed only by their unconscious wishes and irrational forces. They also did not support the behaviourist school because the latter viewed people as biological robots â€Å"†¦who are mechanically programmed

Should Abortion Be Legalized Pros and Cons Essay

Should Abortion Be Legalized Pros and Cons - Essay Example Pro-choice supporters argue for a woman’s right to make her own choices, but are willing at times to consider some restrictions if the abortion comes very late in the term of pregnancy. The right to terminate a pregnancy is thought by them to be a choice that a woman makes to be in charge of her own body. Therefore, it is almost held as a sacred obligation that society does not interfere with that choice. In cases of late-term abortions, they are sometimes willing to balance the life of the child. Pro-life advocates want to strip that right. For them, the life of the child is held as sacred, and it must be balanced against the choice of the mother. Even they are generally willing, however, to make exceptions in the case of danger to the mother’s life or pregnancy resulting from rape or incest. Such balancing is often done with heavy hearts on both sides of the issue. To complicate matters even further, some hold extreme positions that do not allow for any compromises at all. Some advocate for choice and some for life, with no exceptions. This is why abortion has remained, on both sides over the years, a hotly-debated and controversial issue. This paper will summarize the arguments that have been involved in this debate. One of the main problems with abortion’s legality in the view of those who argue for a pro-choice position is the procedure’s terrible history. In the past, women had to go to doctors or unlicensed individuals (e.g., midwives or, worse, shady â€Å"chemists†) for illegal abortions. These procedures were often performed in secret, unclean surroundings. Most of the operators who performed abortions when they were illegal were poorly qualified (or, as stated, unlicensed), and the care delivered was unsanctioned, unregulated, and dangerous. It sometimes resulted in infertility. Some women met with tragic circumstances, including death by infection and bleeding that could have been prevented if abortions had been done

Thomas Jefferson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt Research Paper

Thomas Jefferson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt - Research Paper Example Legislative issues are part of the study or practice of the dissemination of force and assets of a given group and additionally the interrelationship(s) between groups. A political framework is Thomas Jefferson was the third president of United States from 1801 to 1809. One of his great accomplishments was laying the foundation of the University of Virginia (Takagi & Gordon-Reed, 1999). He was the principle author of Declaration of Independence. He was a statesman, planter, and lawyer professionally. The father of this well-known president was a planter, and his mother belongs to a Virginia’s most distinguish ancestors. As public official, historian, theorist, and farm owner, he served his state for more than fifteen years. His death was reported on July 4, 1826 (Takagi & Gordon-Reed, 1999). Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd United States president (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) (Freedman, 1990). He was a well-known democratic political leader and famous statesman. He belonged to one of the oldest and distinguished families of New York. His parents were cousins, and both belong to a wealthy family. As a president, he served his state for twelve years and was the only president to be elected four times. His death was reported at the age of 63 (Freedman, 1990). Jefferson started his academic career as an instructor at Tuckahoe along with the Randolph children (Cogliano, 2008). In his early life, he began to study Latin, Greek, and French; he became skilled to ride horses, and he was also attracted towards nature

Skeletal System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Skeletal System - Research Paper Example 2. Differentiate between the processes of bone growth by length and width. 3. After a recent visit to her doctor, Gina was told that she has early signs of osteoporosis. The doctor recommended she participate in low impact exercises to strengthen her bones. Based on your reading, define osteoporosis and explain how low impact exercises will improve Gina's bone density and strength. 4. Explain the function of bone marrow and its importance in individuals with blood loss or decreased efficiency. 5. George is going in for laser treatment to his lower back. George has been experiencing pain running down his right leg for the past few weeks and has forced him to stay home from work for the past week. He hurt his back when he twisted and bent to the side to pick up some heavy lumber. Based on the case information, describe the injury that George sustained and the structures involved. 1. In cases such as car crashed, potential injuries that are likely to occur include back injury, knee dama ge, whiplash, brain and head trauma, broken or fractured ribs and spinal cord injury. In cases such as car crashes, the body is most probable to suffer trauma (Caldwell D.S., 2011). Trauma varies in intensity, ranging from serious burns or traffic accidents (Hall J et al 1995).

The Slave Trade in Africa Essay Example for Free

The Slave Trade in Africa Essay Eric Williams thesis entitled Capitalism and slavery is not a study on the nature of the slave trade, but rather a study of the role of slavery in the English economy. In his thesis Williams proposes the idea that capitalism is a result of the Atlantic slave trade. Williams defines capitalism as when someone can use their resources to make a profit without that person actually being present. The Atlantic Slave Trade was then an example of capitalism. English investors gave funds to stock companies, such as the Dutch East Indian Company, who wound use those funds to purchase ships and trading goods. The stock companies would then hire a crew and send the ships to Africa where they would trade their goods for African Slaves. The ships would then transport the slaves to the Americas where they would sell their human cargo and purchase American goods. The ships could then return to England and sell their American goods for capital, then splitting the profit amongst the investors. In his thesis Williams asserts that these stock companies were the first examples of capitalism and that the capitalists systems which are present in the modern world are direct results of the Atlantic Slave Trade. It appears that Williams is correct in his thesis. While elements of capitalism, such as buying and selling of goods, were present prior to the slave trade, this was the first point in history when private investors combined their capital in the form of a company whose sole purpose was to increase that capital. At no point did the stock companies manufacture any new product instead these companies served only to buy and sell commodities in such a way as to increase the capital of their investors. Ancient Africa was characterized by strong states. Unlike Europe African states were well organized before the birth of Christ. However as European states became stronger African states weakened. These strong ancient African states such as, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kush and Benin, believed that the purpose of the state was to serve the people. This ideology made it possible for African states to become strong because since the state served the people the people were willing to participate in defending the state and submit to taxation in order to pro vide for the needs of the state which then benefited the individual. However African states began to weaken when the Arab came into Africa. In a quest to seek the destruction of Christianity in Europe the Arabs tore through the Maghreb (five north African countries). The Arabs not only took over the state, but also the culture, as a new Arab population settled, and pushed the original African population below the Sahara. The Arab presence in Africa soon led to a weakening of the African State. In 1350 the strong African state of Songhai began to have border disputes with the Arab led state Morroco. Songhai stated that the purpose of the African state was to serve the people to which Morroco replied that the purpose of the state was to serve Islam. Since the ruler of Morroco was a descendant of Mohammed that meant that it was Songhais responsibility to support the Morrocan state rather than the interests of its own people. Songhai was destroyed by Morroco in 1591, and after Songhais destruction any new states that emerged in this area put the interests of outsiders above the welfare of their own people. The area that had once been the strong empire of Songhai became the core of the slave trade in Africa. When Europeans came into Africa to trade they dealt with these weakened African states. They provided the states arms and the states allowed Europeans to enslave their citizens. African states allied with European nations at the expense of their own people; showing that the purpose of the African state had changed from serving its citizens to serving the interests of outsiders because the same sort of brutality used by Morroco in its destruction of Songhai was used by the Europeans in gunboat diplomacy. The African state would submit to foreign interests because it was no longer strong enough to fight back. African states could not compete against European technology so the rulers of these states signed agreements that allowed their people to be captured, enslaved and taken across the Atlantic. The weakening of the African state caused a change in the purpose of the State. The purpose of the state became providing for the needs and wants of foreigners; this is why the slave trade was possible in Africa. Not only did the African states allow its people to be enslaved, but the states participated in the enslavement of its own people in order to receive the benefits of trade with the Europeans.

Examining Of The Book Of Philemon Religion Essay

Examining Of The Book Of Philemon Religion Essay -The book of Philemon is about a personal appeal to a prosperous Christian slave owner to receive his slave back as a brother in Christ. The first clear example of slavery is in Exodus 1:13 where the Israelites were made to work ruthlessly as slaves and their cry for rescue came up to God in Exodus 2:23-24. The kind of slavery the Israelites were subjected to in Egypt was clearly unacceptable to God, judging by their rescue and the regulations regarding slavery in the Mosaic Law. Meager (2006) The Mosaic Law was very clear on slavery. An Israelite could not enslave another Israelite. Also anyone who became a slave by making a pact or entering into an arrangement with another Israelite was to be treated without harshness and freed in the year of Jubilee. However, a foreigner may be held as a permanent, non-Israelite slave and may be treated harshly. (Leviticus 25:25-55) Philemon was written during one of Pauls imprisonments around A.D. 60-61 during a time when slavery was acceptable from a financial and community standpoint in the Roman world. Slaves were seen as their masters property and they had no rights. However, the experience of slaves varied depending on their master and the work assigned to them. Some slaves were made to work hard and could be disciplined ruthlessly for minor mistakes, while others placed in large villas could have little work to do and were well looked after. Meager (2006) The Bible does not condemn slavery, nor did Paul. The Christian church simply views the relationship between master and slave in a different light. They saw them as both equal before God and both accountable for their behavior. The master was no longer over the slave but in a place of equality within the church. God sees us without status and His grace transforms us into a worthy individual in society. This does not mean a slave was to go free either, but to honor Christ in the service that he was doing for his master. Paul addresses Philemon as a friend and one who does the work of Christ. Paul lifts up Philemon about the work he has been doing with the church. He takes a bold approach because he knows Philemons character. Paul asks for Philemon to receive Onesimus back as he would Paul into his home. He asks this of Philemon based on Pauls love for Onesimus and Philemons love for Paul. Love is the motivation. Paul has taken on the role of father, just as God desires to take on that same father-child relationship with us. The status of the slave as a Christian based on the information so far gives us an identity crisis to a certain extent. Who are we once we accept Jesus into our lives? Are we still a slave? The word slaves is the rendering of a Greek word meaning bodies. The Hebrew and Greek words for slave are usually rendered simply servant, bondman, and bondservant. (Dictionary.com) If we point out a relationship between slave and servant we can say that we are the first of those in the flesh and the other in Christ. The slave is the old status and the servant is the new place within the body of Christ. Philemon has already experienced this transformation due to Pauls leading him into salvation. The fact that Paul also led Onesimus to this place is why he can come to Philemon in this manner. It is Pauls desire for there to be reconciliation between Philemon and Onesimus; the slave owner and the slave. Paul is assured that through this letter he will be able to convince Philemon to do what is right. He believes that Philemons faith and love in Christ will help him re-establish a new found relationship with Onesimus. This is where the identity crisis for the slave owner comes in. How does he treat others, or the slave, in order to be effective in his faith? God has done so much for Philemon to bring him to place of status within the church. Because Philemon has shared the gospel with others he has been effective in his ministry. Now that Paul has converted Onesimus he desires to keep the relationship with him. But he wants Philemons consent to utilize this new brother in Christ for the ministry. Onesimus became profitable to Paul at the time of his conversion; living up to the meaning of his name. Paul appeals to Philemon based on the service he himself has done within the ministry. Paul does not force the deed, but is hopeful that he will agree to the service of his own volition. To truly be a follower of Jesus you are to be humble; offering yourself in the spirit of submission, trusting and teachable; willing to learn. In Luke 22:25-27 Jesus shares with His disciples that the greatest is the servant of all. Service is to be done without expecting reward. There seems to be a deliberate outside influence in the slaves departure from Rome. God used the situation for His purpose. Onesimus wrong doing towards Philemon lead him to Paul and his salvation. The slave is forgiven and brought into the family of Christ. We all fall short in our daily lives and it is our sin that brings us to a place with Christ that allows us to be saved. Paul lays a foundation for the elimination of slavery. He is asking Philemon to receive Onesimus back, not as a slave but as a beloved brother. If a slave owner and slave come together as brothers in Christ then their relationship would be a true transformation. Paul promises restitution towards Philemon. Anything that Onesimus might have stolen from Philemon will be given back to him. He suggests to Philemon to charge the debt to my account. Paul will pay the price for his child. God gave His son, a man without sin, to pay the price. When we become a Christian Jesus takes on that debt. We charge everything to His account. His death and resurrection are how He showed us that He loved us. The ultimate price was paid for our freedom. This letter is a demonstration of the power of Christ to bring healing to those that are broken. It is also a personal reunion between Philemon and Onesimus arranged by Paul. Comparable to their reunion is that of Christ and the runaway sinner. It portrays a restoration of two followers who were earlier separated. It is only with Christs example of forgiveness that we are able to overcome mistakes and be reconciled to our brothers and sisters. Pauls character is that of love, wisdom, gentleness, and above all Christian and human maturity. Guzik (2007) He starts his plea to Philemon by having a letter delivered by Onesimus himself. And in that letter he asks Philemon to change his heart towards the man who was once a slave and is now a brother in Christ. Philemon reads this document from Paul as the runaway slave stands in his presence. Paul indicates his confidence in verse 21 that Philemon will not only obey but go beyond simple obedience.

Imperfect Faith in The Merchant of Venice Essay -- Merchant of Venice

Imperfect Faith in The Merchant of Venice      Ã‚   Though William Shakespeare accurately portrays both Christianity and Judaism in his play The Merchant of Venice, the characters in the play do not represent their religions well. A reader unfamiliar with these religions could easily misinterpret flaws in a character's nature as the teachings of his religion. After a preliminary glance at the play, one would assume that Shakespeare wrote unjustly of the two religions depicted therein. However, Shakespeare had to write the play to please his audience, so he added a twist. By making characters not wholly perfect in their faith, in compliance with reality, Shakespeare was able to add the insults and bigotry and anti-Semitic feelings that would please the crowd, were true to society, and yet did not change the teachings of the religions themselves.    Shakespeare does not change the principles of the two religions in this play. Even the characters in his play who do not always follow the teachings of their religions speak of these beliefs. In the courtroom scene, the Duke says to Shylock, "We all expect a gentle answer, Jew." (IV, i, 35). He means he expects Shylock to show the mercy of a gentile, more specifically a Christian, who would show mercy to Antonio and waive the bond. In the very same scene, when the table turns and Antonio controls the fate of Shylock, Antonio releases the Jew. As for Judaism being portrayed correctly, throughout the play Shylock makes countless references to his religion. When Antonio and Shylock argue the exact teachings of the Bible concerning loans and collecting interest, Shylock refers the story of Jacob and Laban. Shylock also refers to the "holy Sabbath" in the courtroo... ...ains." (II, vi, 34).    William Shakespeare's work The Merchant of Venice shows the intellectual power behind his writings. Shakespeare interwove many plots perfectly to please the audience, offer a deeper look at the conflict concerning Shylock, and still respect the religions he used. His characters, the players of this story, contained the flaws which served as the basis for the play. It was not Christianity or Judaism which caused the conflict. In fact, if every character in The Merchant of Venice had been true to his religion, there would be no conflict to write of at all. It is because of works like these that Shakespeare is considered one of the greatest writers of all time. Work Cited    Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. 1967. Ed. W. Moelwyn Merchant. The New Penguin Shakespeare. London: Penguin Books, 1996.      

Is the Body Ownable :: Philosophy Papers

Is the Body Ownable The way Jennifer Church approaches the issue of body ownership in â€Å"Ownership and the Body†, it sounds as though that we own our bodies is a given fact, and the controversy is over what follows from this and why it is important to have a discussion of this fact. I, however, intend to argue that it is a bad move to allow for the idea of self-ownership (or any sort of ownership of subjects), that it is more likely to perpetuate problems than to solve them to think in this way, and that the belief in the possibility of body/self-ownership is rooted primarily in linguistic ambiguities (â€Å"property† vs. â€Å"properties†, different senses of â€Å"mine†, etc.). Mine We will begin with the seemingly innocuous assertion, â€Å"my body is mine†. 1[1]This is a truism only if â€Å"mine† is not construed as â€Å"being that which I own†. I do not own my mother, my boss, or my sneeze. In some cases, â€Å"mine† only means that something pertains to me, not that it necessarily belongs to me in the sense in which a product of my labour might. Surely a slave who says, â€Å"my master,† is not trying to reverse the relationship (a relationship which is, by my account, illegitimate to begin with). Now, Church does want to allow, in a sense, for me to be able to own my mother. She certainly would allow my mother, initially, to own me.2[2] One can make a claim, by her account, to some degree of ownership of another person based on the extent to which that person has become part of one’s self.3[3] Her example for this is the right that one’s close friends and relatives have to make decisions for one who is incapacitated. I do not see how the concern of close ones can be taken as a form of ownership. While we hope that it is our closest friends and family who will look out for us when we are unable to look out for ourselves, in no way are they granted the rights that one would have over property.4[4] I take ownership to include unrestricted private use of an object. Of course my definition excludes the possibility of owning a Is the Body Ownable :: Philosophy Papers Is the Body Ownable The way Jennifer Church approaches the issue of body ownership in â€Å"Ownership and the Body†, it sounds as though that we own our bodies is a given fact, and the controversy is over what follows from this and why it is important to have a discussion of this fact. I, however, intend to argue that it is a bad move to allow for the idea of self-ownership (or any sort of ownership of subjects), that it is more likely to perpetuate problems than to solve them to think in this way, and that the belief in the possibility of body/self-ownership is rooted primarily in linguistic ambiguities (â€Å"property† vs. â€Å"properties†, different senses of â€Å"mine†, etc.). Mine We will begin with the seemingly innocuous assertion, â€Å"my body is mine†. 1[1]This is a truism only if â€Å"mine† is not construed as â€Å"being that which I own†. I do not own my mother, my boss, or my sneeze. In some cases, â€Å"mine† only means that something pertains to me, not that it necessarily belongs to me in the sense in which a product of my labour might. Surely a slave who says, â€Å"my master,† is not trying to reverse the relationship (a relationship which is, by my account, illegitimate to begin with). Now, Church does want to allow, in a sense, for me to be able to own my mother. She certainly would allow my mother, initially, to own me.2[2] One can make a claim, by her account, to some degree of ownership of another person based on the extent to which that person has become part of one’s self.3[3] Her example for this is the right that one’s close friends and relatives have to make decisions for one who is incapacitated. I do not see how the concern of close ones can be taken as a form of ownership. While we hope that it is our closest friends and family who will look out for us when we are unable to look out for ourselves, in no way are they granted the rights that one would have over property.4[4] I take ownership to include unrestricted private use of an object. Of course my definition excludes the possibility of owning a

Summary and Synthesis with Steven Johnson

Harwood Eng 96Spring 13 Paper #3: Summary and Synthesis with Steven Johnson Your third High Stakes Writing Assignment comes in two parts. The first asks you to summarize and the second asks you to employ some of Johnson’s concepts to collect data of your own. Part 1: Summary For this part, write a 1 to 2 page summary of Johnson’s Television section, covering Multiple Threading and as much of Flashing Arrows and Social Networking as you are able. Focus mainly on his ideas, but be sure to give some indication of his evidence and how it’s presented. What shows does he use to support his ideas?How does he make his points? Your summary should start with a paragraph about Johnson’s thesis and then use paragraphs of ideas and supporting evidence from the book to round out the content you cover. Remember CABIN. Part II: Synthesis Use Johnson’s concepts of Multiple Threading and Social Networking (see p. 110-112) in television to compare two similar shows of your own choosing (they must be separated by at least 20 years). Your main assignment for this part is to visually represent your research using charts similar to those Johnson uses on p. 0 and 112. Write two pages describing your findings and whether you 1. support (agree with) Johnson’s idea that multiple threading and social networking are on the rise – and that TV is therefore becoming more challenging and complex. OR 2. refute Johnson’s claims based on findings different from those he sees in his analysis. 1 or 2 here should lead directly to your thesis, which you’ll support by looking at paragraphs about multiple threading and social network schemes.The writing portion of your synthesis should should answer the following question: Having looked at several examples of television shows yourself, do you see the same heightened complexity and challenge that Johnson claims in today’s television? For your synthesis, you will be graded on your char ts and visual representation of your data as well as how you write it up. I’m looking at whether you understand Johnson’s methods and whether you can duplicate this analysis while critically watching TV yourself. Harwood Eng 96 Spring 2013Schedule of upcoming classes: | |What we’ll work on in class |Homework due in next class period | | | |(all reading s/b ACTIVE) | |4/9 |Discuss Games section of EBIGFY |Write (typed) summary of Games section of the book. This | | |Round out games outline |assignment will be graded.Length: 0. 5 to 1 full page (not | | |Model concept of Games Summary |more). | |4/11 |Talking about TV: Main Ideas – What are the trends and |Finish reading TV section in EBIGFY (Through 115) | | |evidence? |Choose your TV shows for Synthesis and start watching them | | |Use 30 Rock example to look at strategy for Synthesis. |Work on outline of TV section | | |Talk about genres of shows and which fit together. | |4/16 |Talking about data analy sis: how to synthesize our own |Write a Rough Draft of TV section summary (not less than one| | |looks at what Johnson sees. |typed page/max of 2—See back side. ] | | |Go over outline of TV section |Have your two TV shows chosen and start watching them, | | | |collecting data. | |4/18 |Peer Review of TV Summaries |Finish final draft of TV Summary. | |More talk about how to do charts and synthesis |Finish charts for Johnson synthesis assignment to turn in. | | |representation: MT and SN |Finish Reading Part I of EBIGFY (136) | |4/23 |Discuss Internet and Movies |Write up Rough Draft for Synthesis (agree/disagree based on | | |Ideas on synthesis conclusion: how to write it up/argument |evidence) | | |statement. | |4/25 |Peer Review of TV Synthesis |Write Final Draft of Synthesis. | | |Start discussion of Johnson’s Part II. What is Smart? |Actively read Pt. 2 to 156 | |4/30 |Turn in Final draft of Synthesis |MORE to come†¦ |

Cadence in Shakespeare

Cadence is an often overlooked aspect of writing that is significant in the attempt to understand the meaning of text. The use of cadence is most often only considered relevant in an approach to poetry or music; however, poetic form is used in other genres of writing and is an applicable approach to literary criticism. An author’s intended message is intricately woven into the cadence in which the words are to be delivered. In order to appreciate the words of Shakespeare, in particular, one must consider the implications of intended cadence.Although Shakespeare’s work can be enjoyed through a silent reading, certain nuances of his plays are lost without the aspect of performance or delivery in which the cadence is more visible. In an article from The Sunday Telegraph London Charles Spencer approaches the importance of cadence in performances of Shakespeare. He gets his point across very well by stating that: Anyone who has been to see Shakespeare in the theatre recently will recognize this experience.An actor is â€Å"tearing a passion† to tatters and after what seems like several yards of fraught blank verse, you belatedly realize that you have barely the faintest clue as to what he’s been banging on about. The odd word or phrase sinks in, but even speeches you know well on the page seem shrouded in obscurity on the stage. Luckily this is not always the case. Many of us have also had the pleasure of watching a performance in which the actors manage to â€Å"deliver the verse with such clarity that even Shakespeare’s knottiest, and most clotted passages make crystalline sense† (Spencer).An enjoyable performance of Shakespeare relies on the proper delivery of cadence. The intended meaning can be completely lost if the cadence is not delivered correctly. So how do we discern the intended cadence? Peter Hall, author of Shakespeare’s Advice to the Players, â€Å"insists that Shakespeare himself provides all the clue s about how to speak his verse . . . moment by moment, and line by line† (Spencer). There are many elements involved in determining cadence. Read more about Dramatic CriticismAccording to Hall one must first study the â€Å"mechanics of blank verse, whose unit is iambic pentameter† and in addition one must also focus on the â€Å"structure of the line, scansion, the caesura, monosyllables, pauses, alliteration and rhyme† (Spencer). He goes on to say that Shakespeare â€Å"tells the actor when, but he never tells him why or how† (Spencer). The why or how of delivering Shakespeare’s verse is left to the interpretation of the reader or performer. Spencer concludes this article by saying that:Shakespeare’s text is a complex score that demands to be read as a piece of music, learned like the steps of a dance, or practiced like the stroke of a duel . . . but the paradox of art is that the rules of form must always be challenged in order to achieve spontaneity. Yet they must not be completely destroyed. There is a balance between discipline and freedom which only the great creative genius or th e astonishing performer can achieve. Let’s look at the mechanics of blank verse. Blank verse is defined as unrhymed iambic pentameter.Iambic pentameter is a metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line (Meyer 1617). In Freeing Shakespeare’s Voice Kristen Linklater states that â€Å"Rhythm takes language and adds an innermost drive that moves it, shakes it, and channels it† (92). She goes on to say that â€Å"A poet uses rhythm to shape language into dramatic peaks and valleys, and major clues to topography of any given scene in a Shakespeare play are to be found in its rhythmic dynamics† (92). Linklater also states that:The verse rhythm that reigns supreme in Shakespeare is iambic pentameter [which is] the basic rhythm of the English language . . . and by the end of the sixteenth century, the development of prosody had determined five to be the most satisfying number of iambic feet per line for English dramatic, or heroic, verse. † Furthermore, In Speak the Speech! Shakespeare’s Monologues Illuminated, authors Rhona Silverbush and Sami Plotkin explain that â€Å"Verse is an efficient and compelling means of communication.It enables the author to convey more layers of meaning in fewer words† and â€Å"Because verse is an elevated form of language, it elevates the dramatic experience† (246). Caesura is a pause within a line of poetry that contributes to the rhythm of the line (Meyer 1617). Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words, usually at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable (Meyer 1615). And rhyme is defined as the repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words, most often at the ends of lines (Meyer 1633).All of these elements are in the structure of a line and Shakespeare uses these elements in his writing. Therefore the structure of the line seems to hold the key to the intended cadence. Rhythm is w hat makes poetry and music flow. It is what makes a speech memorable. And if used correctly it signifies the importance of what is being said. It is a subtle way of getting a point across and accentuating what the speaker or author wants you to hear. The way a line is read can change the impression made on the audience as much as the words that they hear.In an article entitled â€Å"The sound of Your Stories† Philip Martin states that â€Å"Cadence in literary terms is the rhythm or metre of a stream of words, how the flowing phrases sound on the ear. It is derived from the Latin, â€Å"to fall† – the rise and fall of the poetic beat or the inflection of the human voice†. Similarly, in an article written by Dennis Jackson, it is said that â€Å"Signaling significance, cadence authenticates your voice†. Furthermore Jackson states that â€Å"A cadence is a pause that meaningfully punctuates the flow of music.Similarly, in our writing, cadences are s tress points, moments where syntax and substance team up to convey special meaning†. He then goes on to say that â€Å"Cadences are the drumbeats that sound through our prose signaling significance to readers, telling them how the writing is to be read†. He uses Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech to illustrate how cadence can affect the way we hear or read words. He mentions rhetorical techniques that King uses such as grammatical parallelism, repetition, and manipulation of sentence lengths â€Å"to achieve rhythm and affect cadences that underscore his main points† (Jackson).In Simply Shakespeare, Widdicombe mentions that â€Å"if pace doesn’t change monotony sets in† (171). He looks at Hamlet and proposes â€Å"can he [Shakespeare] hold an audience’s attention for more than four hours and almost 4000 lines? The answer is a resounding â€Å"?yes’† (172). One of the reasons given for Shake speare being able to successfully keep the audience’s attention is the way â€Å"Shakespeare applies his stagecraft to the play’s pacing† (172). Another important aspect of cadence is brought to light by Jackson G. Barry.In an article entitled â€Å"Shakespeare’s ‘Deceptive Cadence’: A Study in the structure of Hamlet,† Barry â€Å"puts forth the concept of deceptive cadence, which is a musical term associated with classical music in which the generally assumed and thus logical conclusion given by the chord progression is broken and replaced with some other, not as fitting or perfect, chord†. According to Barry â€Å"this deceptive cadence can be found throughout Hamlet, but becomes especially prevalent during the third act, in which Hamlet kills Polonius†.The idea is that the â€Å"deceptive cadence† used in Hamlet â€Å"serves to prolong and extend the play into the full five act form† and â€Å"without t he use of this deceptive cadence, Hamlet would have been able to move forward with his plans for vengeance and would have had nothing to mark or scar his own conscience† (Barry). He states that â€Å"until this point the play had been building with steady momentum but this tragic turn of events breaks up the standard and logical progression of the play and thus diverts Hamlet from his true task and goals†.Without this â€Å"deceptive cadence† Barry states that â€Å"the true element of tragedy would have been lost, and with it a great deal of substance from the piece†. So now we have the idea of â€Å"deceptive cadence† to contend with. The way a story slows down or changes direction therefore can also affect the meaning of a work. Shakespeare adds a great deal to the play by using this â€Å"deceptive cadence† in Hamlet in order to change the mood and add to the tragedy of the story. â€Å"Round and around, like creatures gone slightly mad, the students march to a slow, rhythmic chant.Their eerie cadence rises to the upper rows of the gloomy concrete theater, its effect both lyrical and unnerving† (Jones). Tone and emotion are portrayed through cadence. Shakespeare’s words are well known by many people. Even those who have not read or seen his work can recognize, or even recite, a Shakespearean quote. His use of the English language is certainly beautiful. He paints a picture for the audience with his words and manipulates the language in order to achieve the desired effect. Shakespeare manages to portray the effect of every human emotion.According to Ralph Waldo Emerson â€Å"reading for the sense will best bring out the rhythm† he states that Shakespeare’s secret is â€Å"that the thought constructs the tune. † The process of understanding and performing Shakespeare is a task attained on many levels. Not only must one consider the â€Å"mechanics† but also the thought process behind the author’s intentions. Poetic form is a complicated work of art that can not be approached without understanding the importance of cadence. The voice makes all the difference. Once you have heard how the lines are supposed to be delivered, it is much easier to appreciate and understand Shakespeare.

Team Work Essay

What happened and why : Seagate is one of the largest digital content storage companies in the world and has business in about 15 countries around the world in Europe, Asia and the US ( ©2011 Seagate Technology LLC). To create the ultimate team-building experience, every year Seagate brings 250 high-performing employees to Queenstown, near Lake Wakatipu in New Zealand. This event tests all their physical and emotional boundaries of endurance (Max, 2006). This is a very popular program among Seagate employees and is known as â€Å"Eco Seagate†. The company spent a whopping sum of $9000 per person, and the goal of this exercise is to boost the employee morale, support office amity, and encourage teamwork (Max, 2006). Seagate’s CEO Watkins wanted participants to experience the intensity that distinguishes an informal group from a high performing team. He also wants to strengthen his company’s culture by reinforcing these norms and attitudes that encourage team work, perseverance and endurance. Why did I decide to write about this? I have been working for Seagate technology for about 10 years and have been witnessing this herculean effort of team building since 2001. I attended a scaled down version of Eco Seagate in early 2002, which was equally rigorous and challenging but gave me a new way of thinking about team dynamics. The current form of Eco Seagate is a week-long teambuilding program, which includes a 10-mile trek, 12-mile bike ride through mountain terrain, navigating about 3 miles in a kayak, rappelling down cliffs and more. The last day of the challenge combines these adventurous activities into one 25-mile (40 kilometers) race. On arrival in Queenstown, the 250 Seagate employees were divided into 50 teams of five people each; in most cases the team members had never met before and in some cases didn’t even speak the same language but were expected to work together to finish the Eco-challenge. This event, which some call a social experiment, is pet project of our CEO. Every year all 250 Eco Seagate participants learn a lifelong lesson about the importance of teamwork. He envisions Eco Seagate as a way to break down barriers, boost confidence and make company staffers’ better team players. â€Å"Some of you will learn about teamwork because you have a great team,† he says. Some of you will learn because your team is a disaster. † (Max, 2006). Were there outcomes positive or negative for the various parties in the situation? Certainly the outcome of this exercise is very positive for the company and Seagate’s staff. I would term this event as a mother of all team building exer cise ever executed by similar size company in the Silicon Valley. One must realize that this is an investment towards Social capital (McShane and Von Glinow, pp. 236). After this event Seagate not only achieves better team dynamics within their employees but would also get a stronger bonding between company and the employees. Mentoring and coaching, especially on an informal basis, help people build networks they need to work across corporate boundaries (Gratton & Erickson, 2007). I see one negative side of this elaborate team-building exercise. Two million dollar is a lot of money to be spent on a few individuals in a large company that has 45,000 employees worldwide. There are number of other ‘team building' programs that can achieve the same results if not better at a much lower cost. For me the main issue with this program is that you are going on a team building exercise without your immediate workgroup team. What would you do differently? Why? : As a manager, if I wanted to build a stronger team, I would take everyone in my team to such an exercise so that more cohesiveness and team skills development can be achieved across the board. Based on my own experience team building should be an ongoing process and programs of this kind only have a short-term impact. Rather than one massive/expensive exercise, I would suggest having more frequent low-cost programs that will help me to sustain my team over a long period of time. My learning related to this experience: Prior to going for Eco Seagate team building program, I had a feeling that I would work much better independently just like Scott commented. (Seagate Technology, 2007). My general feeling was that team work would be a burden to me and each person in the team would feel less responsible for contributing because others are present. Initially I suspected that people tend to slack off, or loaf, when they work in a group more than they do when working alone (McShane and Von Glinow, pp. 238). Later I concluded that I wouldn’t be able to complete that race by myself as the format of the race was very rigorous and everyone needs to perform multiple activities at the same time like treking, biking, navigating, map readings, searching for milestones and stretegic planning to overcome the obstacles faced during the race. I started this exercise with low levels of cohesiveness with other participants. That may be because we work in different locations and functional areas in Seagate, speaks different primary languages or we viewed the situation differently. Our five-person team size played a very important role to increase the cohesiveness in first four days of practice and familiarization phase (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 242). Our diversity in knowledge and physical skills helped us to develop our team more effectively (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 245). As a Manager I learned that I need to make sure that diversity is effectively managed in the team, because if it is not, it may lead to low cohesiveness. During four days of the acclimatization session we organized several informal team meetings and started with learning each other’s strengths and weaknesses. During practice sessions we challenged each other based on our weaknesses, which helped us to stretch ourselves beyond our normal physical capability. That was the first time I realized the power of Five â€Å"C† team member competency (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 244). As part of our team building process we established several ground rules for the final day race and assigned team roles based on our strengths and willingness (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 246-248). With the moral support of my team and several practice sessions of rock climbing and rappelling down the cliff, I could overcome my fear of heights and felt a little upbeat. When a group achieves noticeable and visible success, it contributes substantially to its feelings of cohesiveness and belongingness (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 250). Since I know a few people who were coming from California, I expanded my network by leveraging them as brokers to â€Å"connect the separate team clusters† (Uzzi and Dunlap, pp. 56). Some of them actually became my social friends and one of them recently took me around for a quick sight-seeing tour of Amsterdam during my eight-hour layover at AMS Schiphol airport. Conclusion: Though we didn’t win the race, we successfully completed it about 50 minutes behind the first team that touched the finishing line. Overall experience was amazing and the skills that I learned at Eco Seagate are still contributing to my on-the-job effectiveness, including the ability to follow through on commitments to others, actively listen to team members, take responsibility for group successes or failures and give and accept the useful feedback that will help to improve the performance in next iteration. From the experiences at Eco Seagate, hopefully several Seagate managers are cultivated and now contributing effectively to form a high performing team by building trust within teams, sharing and communicating goals among team members, empowering team members, and encouraging them through positive expectations (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 245-251). Works Cited *  ©2011 Seagate Technology LLC. (n. d. ). About Seagate. Retrieved from About Seagate: http://www. seagate. com/www/en-us/about/ * Gratton, L. , & Erickson, T. J. (2007). 8 Ways to Build Collaborative Teams. Harvard Business Review , 85 (11), 100-109. Max, S. (2006, April 3). Seagate's Morale-athon. Retrieved from Seagate's Morale-athon: http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978085. htm * McShane, S. L. , & Von Glinow, M. A. (2010). Organizational Behavior: emerging knowledge and practice for the real world (5th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. * Seagate Technology. (2007, Sept 26). Eco Seagate 2007: The Bloggers (1, 2, 3). Retrieved from Eco Seagate 2007: The Bloggers (1, 2, 3): http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=4Gp7AYuZJN0 * Uzzi, B. , & Dunlap, S. (December, 2005). How to build your network. Harvard Business Review .

A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino Essay

†Bitoy Camacho, an old friend of the Marasigans, pays them a visit one afternoon after many years of absence. He is greeted by the two daughters of Lorenzo Marasigan, a famous painter, who in his declining years has been living in isolation and abject poverty. Recently, he finished his latest and perhaps last major work of art, a painting he entitled Portrait of the Artist as Filipino. The sisters Paula and Candida welcome Bitoy. They reminisce about the past and the good old days. Tony Javier, a young musician renting a room in the house, comes home from work and is surprised. Tony confides to Bitoy his frustrated efforts in convincing the sisters to sell the painting to an American client. †In the second act, Don Lorenzo is visited by Manolo and Pepang–the older brother and sister of Candida and Paula. They plan to transfer their father to a hospital and sell the house. They have invited Don Perico, a senator to convince their younger sisters. Don Perico appeals to both sisters to donate the painting to the government in exchange for a handsome pension that would relieve them of their burden. The sisters remain firm and indifferent during the debate the senator is forced to examine his life realizing too late that he has betrayed his true vocation as an artist-poet. Forlorn and devastated by remorse, [the senator] bids the sisters farewell. †Manolo and Pepang quarrel with their younger sisters [who] are forced to reveal why their father painted the picture. They had confronted him a year before, and in pain accused him of having wasted their lives. As a reaction, he painted his last work of art and then attempted to commit suicide. †Alone, Candida tells Paula of her frustration in job seeking. Tony Javier rushes in with news about his American client who has doubled his offer [for the painting]. In a moment of weakness, Paula abandons the house and joins Tony. †The third act begins with Bitoy remembering the Octobers of his youth and the feast of La Naval de Manila. A group of visitors to the Marasigan home inquire about rumors that the painting and Paula have disappeared forcing Candida to admit what happened and accuses herself of masterminding the crime. Paula enters and admits to having destroyed the portrait. Crushed, Tony accuses the two women of condemning him back to poverty. He leaves cursing them. In the meanwhile, the two sisters reconcile and reaffirm their decision to remain in the house with their father. Bitoy in a monologue ends the play with a prayer deciding to dedicate his life to the preservation of Intramuros and its historical past through art and memory.†

Sop communication engineering

The heart of human excellence often begins to beat when you discover a pursuit that absorbs you, challenges you and gives you a sense of meaning, joy and passion. I have found that one thing that helps me to live peacefully on this glorious planet is â€Å"successful engagement in meaningful work† keeping in my mind where my hands are. An intrepid dream by the Wright brothers to give the humankind wings to fly, an intrepid dream by few thoughtful men to let the human race take the first step on the moon.I think hat it is the gift to dream, the ability to ponder beyond facts and the intelligence to make thoughts into reality that sets us apart from the rest in the tree of evolution. From the wheel to pacemaker, history is replete with events where a simple, yet brilliant idea has changed the way future generations live for decades, and even countries. I believe in seeing dreams and giving my best to realize those dreams that will be a step forward in the betterment of the human race.Dreams are what made the world, what it is today. In an era of competition and excellence, engineering has taken strides which our forefathers never even dreamt of. To be an excellent instrument for the development of our world we must be educated, cultured, refined and thoughtful. Knowledge is what elevates man to a disciplined being. To be an erudite is not only about possessing education but also having skill to implement it in a practical world.An aspiration to become a pioneer in the field of Electronics prevailed right from my childhood. The desire of gaining in-depth knowledge and my enthusiasm and curiosity to understand the mechanics of electronic devices and about communication systems led me to hose Electronics and Communication engineering as my undergraduate study. During my undergraduate studies, lectures delivered by eminent people who are leaders in their field exposed me to the needs and aspirations of the industry. Id my summer in-plant training in Airports A uthority of India, where I was engaged in learning various functional aspects of security and communication equipments such as X-ray baggage Inspection System (SIBS) and CATV camera used for surveillance purpose. During my third year of undergraduate study had the opportunity to visit Doorman's Achaean, which is the Indian's largest public broadcaster. Had a great experience working with the technicians in this platform where I had a thorough knowledge about the working mechanism in Production control room, Master control room, earth station and transmission process.To implement practically what had learnt in my three years of undergraduate study, I did my final year project which is about â€Å"Implementation Of tamper proof ATM and weapon identification system. † Looting money, ATM robbery/ burglars damaging the money vending machines have become common. So, n order to save the lives of common people I had used a vibration sensor and inductive proximity sensor which will al ert the cops using a RFC transceiver.Hence, this is an added protection to ATM itself. In addition to the above projects, I am currently pursuing a course on â€Å"CAN (Switching and Routing)† that validates the ability to install, configure, operate and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. I believe this course is supportive for any communication engineer to know more in depth about NETWORKING and also hope that this course will be beneficial for me to attain an internship experience in your laboratory.To further my knowledge in the field of Communication Systems, I wish to pursue my higher studies and excel in a graduate school that stands for high quality teaching and infrastructure which could help me realize my goal of becoming a lead engineer in the field of communication systems. Nanning Technological University (ANTI) is likely to provide me just that through its Communication Engineering program. The course listings under this program with subjects such as Digital communication systems, Optical fiber communications,Computer networks, Antennas and propagation for wireless systems and all other courses provides me a great platform to further my ideas. This knowledge shall help me in design an effective, efficient and safe system, play a significant role in long-term planning and help me to become a successful communication engineer. I strongly believe .NET is the place that provides the path towards my destination. NUT has one of the topmost ranked graduate programs in Communication Engineering in terms of experienced faculty and state-of-the-art infrastructure and research facilities.

Definitions of Green Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Definitions of Green Engineering - Essay Example Green engineering is basically an attempt to find a why between complex engineering processes and the need of securing the environment. It can also be used a pedagogical tool by incorporating broader environmental issues into scientific analyses (Shonnard, Allen, Nguyen, Austin, and Hesketh 5453). Considering the importance of green engineering for environmental sustainability, most of the educational institutes have also started to incorporate a combination of green engineering principles and scientific training into engineering education. The aim is to make students and future engineers able to save the environment by adopting the concept of green engineering based on effective mathematic techniques and unique scientific principles. This paper describes three main conceptual frameworks of green engineering in detail to know the similarities and differences between them. The aim is to come up with a proper definition of green engineering based on which engineers can base their engin eering designs and plans. The thesis statement for the paper is, ‘Whatever conceptual framework is adopted for green engineering design, the underlying aim in all of them is to cater to the needs of the sustainable environment and those of the community’. ... To me, McDonough and Braungart, in Cradle to Cradle, seem to be emphasizing on the production of such products that are less harmful for the environment upon becoming useless for people. They speak for the concept of ‘upcycling’ and suggest designers to keep in mind the ecological compatibility, as well as the environmental consequences of products. However, designers need to put a great effort to meet all demands of the Cradle to Cradle framework. The reason is that, at present, there is not much emphasis on redesigning or restructuring the design and development processes and in order to go with the Cradle to Cradle framework, designers need to transform all processes of product design and development completely to make them compatible with the needs of sustainable environment. I would say that the aim of McDonough and Braungart in Cradle to Cradle is obviously to create and maintain the natural environment by minimizing the effects of industrial products when they bec ome useless. They have focused on the need to change the current system because it can produce disastrous effects for the ecosystem. Obviously, the aim of zero waste cannot be achieved under current system not only because of changing human needs and demands regarding products but also because of industrial processes of product development that produce waste some way or other. However, manufacturing of products in such a way that they can be recycled upon reaching maximum life can be a substitute for the aim of achieving zero waste (McDonough and Braungart 42). Therefore, engineers should adopt such methods of manufacturing that should make the products recyclable and eco-friendly. Anastas and Zimmerman, on the

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records Research Paper

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records - Research Paper Example Hence, there will be three parts in the research methodology, 1- description of the research strategy, 2- description of sampling strategy and 3- detail description and justification of the data collection instruments. As the researcher will use questionnaire survey method to collect data hence the study will also highlight ethical issues associated with the paper. Research Strategy The researcher has the option to select either qualitative research or quantitative research to conduct the analysis but the researcher will use quantitative research techniques for analyzing demographic variables while qualitative methodology will be used in order to analyze data from the perception perspective of respondents. Quantitative research methodology helps researchers to address â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what might be† components in any research question while qualitative methodology helps in understanding perception of respondents (Roslender 250). Qualitative research methodology can also be used in order to social praxis of the research problem or critical issues regarding any kind of process change (Tinker 18.1; 101). Although these researchers used quantitative research methodology for accounting research but quantitative research methodology can be successfully used for addressing business research problems (Saunders, Lewis, and Adrian 100-102). Hence the researcher will use mix of quantitative and qualitative research technique backed by primary and secondary data sources. Key purpose of this paper is to understand â€Å"how employees at Eye Health Vision Centers feel about the transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records† Hence the questionnaire will be decided on the basis of this primary research questions and staff in the ophthalmology centers will be the key participants in the questionnaire survey. As mentioned in the module 1, a particular ophthalmology centre (name of the centre will not be used due to confidentiality norm in ethical form) will be selected as the study setting. Any survey is incomplete without questionnaire while close ended questionnaire used in order to check response of respondents on particular topic and open ended questions are used in order to gather perception of respondents. However, in case of medical research on perception of staff about particular system, it is better to use open ended questionnaire (Whiddett, Hunter, Engelbrecht and Handy 75; 532). Hence, the researcher will use open ended questions will be used in order to understand experience of staff at ophthalmology centre regarding transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records. There is more than 40 staff in the ophthalmology centre and they work in different department in the ophthalmology centre hence researcher will need to identify mutually exclusive but collectively exhaustive sample size which can represent the behavior of sample population. Hence, in the next section, the researcher will brief the sa mpling strategy that has been selected for the research. Sampling Strategy In the ophthalmology centre, there are more than 40 employees and each of the employees has different experience regarding

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Handling the project either too early or too late is likely to compromise its success. It is, therefore, very important to organize all the procedures, processes and people required to handle the project well in advance so that the completion of the project is timely (Kerzner, 2010, p. 26). When the project is completed after its time, it serves no purpose at all and all the efforts, the time and costs expended in doing it all come to nothing. Any project requires capital to guarantee its success. The people handling the project must be motivated. Recognition of money as a principal motivator is very fundamental here. Besides, the infrastructure, procedures and all the processes leading to the successful completion of a project require capital. The success of a project is, therefore, limited by the availability of capital (Kerzner, 2010, p. 27). A project has specific scope that it has to adhere to. Any deviation from the scope of the project implies that the project does not serve its purpose. The areas to be covered with the project must, therefore, be followed successfully so that the success of the project can be

Mesopotamia Civilization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mesopotamia Civilization - Research Paper Example Since there were seasonal rains in Mesopotamia, agriculture was initially unsustainable due to massive floods that visited the plains during the springs and summers (Mark). Due to the scarcity of rains in other times of the year only irrigation agriculture was sustainable from the rivers (Apte 81). Besides, both internal and external trade boomed in the ancient days majorly because there was scarcity of natural resources in Mesopotamia (Algaze 32). This, coupled with other civilizations that were encountered over the years, led to massive growth of the empire before its final collapse (History Guide). In this regard, this essay explores and reflects on the ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia in terms of Culture, Art, and Architecture (Temples and Tombs). Essentially, the Sumerians who normally referred to their state as Sumer inhabited Mesopotamia where the first history of the world is believed to have originated (Mark). In this respect, Mesopotamia was largely composed of three st ates that included Sumer-Akad that lied to the north Babylonia, Sumeria, and Assyria that stretched to the extreme north. When it comes to the cities that defined Mesopotamia, the list included Babylon, Uruk, Ur  Kish, Lagash, Assur, Nippur, Niniveh, Susa, Nimrud. All the states of Mesopotamia became empire but perhaps Babylon became the most famous under the rule of King Hammurabi (History Guide). This was majorly because he, together with those under his empire, formulated certain codes of laws that led to the success of the empire. A famous city in Mesopotamia that was situated 20 miles from river Tigirs was called Mashkan-shapir. The river in this city enabled the construction of canals, which were instrumental for the agrarian revolution (Algaze 37). When it comes to the various civilizations in Mesopotamia, it is worth noting that the civilizations came in three phases that ranged from the pre-civilization phase to the post-civilization phase (Annenberg Learner). Due to the seasonality of the two rivers that flowed in Mesopotamia, a vast majority of the communities that stayed there migrated to the southern part that was rich in alluvial soil (Mark). This happened in 5000 B.C. when most of the communities reside in villages that composed of 100-200 people on a permanent basis. Primarily, the southern part of Mesopotamia had soil that was more fertile despite the low rainfall levels (History Guide). As far as the history of Mesopotamia is concerned, it is understood that various periods through which the civilizations took place existed and in this sense, they were classified according to the ages (Annenberg Learner). First, there was the Pre-Pottery  Neolithic  Age that encompassed the earliest signs of archeological settlements and wars that made the error to be referred to as the Stone Age (Algaze 26). In essence, this error came in at around 10,000 B.C. although the existence of humans is believed to have been there even much earlier (History Gu ide). During the Stone Age, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia are believed to have used stone carvings as their major sources of tools especially in agriculture and warfare (Mark). This means that even as men were using stones for virtually all practical uses in their daily lifestyles, the agrarian revolution had started to take off. Although agriculture was not practiced on an extensive scale during

Prevention of infection in IVC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prevention of infection in IVC - Essay Example These intravascular catheters usually terminate at or near the heart, or in one of the great vessels including vena cava among others (Cdc.gov, 2010). This paper looks into prevention of infection in Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Before inserting catheters, the inserter and their assistant(s) should observe strict proper hand hygiene by washing hands either with alcohol-based hand rub or with conventional antiseptic-containing soap. They should also take maximal barrier precautions – use mask, head cover, sterile gloves and sterile gown. They should also drape the patient with the full body drape and maintain a sterile environment during the insertion. The inserter should perform a back-and-forth friction scrub on the site skin using chlorhexidine skin preparation, and then ensure that the solution dries utterly before attempting central line insertion. The drying time varies with the site of insertion. If possible, use antimicrobial-impregnated catheters. After initial insertion, they should apply occlusive sterile dressing per policy. Unless in emergencies, they should not perform any fluids/medications administration through the line prior to verifying the catheter tip placement. Most importantly, one should never connect previously used administration sets and fluids to central venous access lines (WHO, 2005).

Women's Education in Utah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's Education in Utah - Essay Example As per the Utah culture, girls should get married at a young age. Contextually, because majority of the population follows the same tradition, young girls getting engaged in house-keeping and looking after their family, restrain themselves from college education. Even though globalization and modernization has enhanced the social structure to a large extent, promoting women in various fields and encouraging them to take part in higher education in Utah, the society and its women still lack way behind in comparison to other states of United America (Madsen and Hanewicz, 1-2). This thesis will thus aim to assess the complexity of the problem barricading Utah women to pursue higher education in colleges, emphasizing two solutions and their justifications to derive a rational conclusion. COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM The major complexity associated with the identified problem of lower proportion women pursuing college education in Utah, has been the identification of the rudimental causes. N otably, developments can be witnessed in almost every prospect of the Utah society today with better health facilities, women centric non-profit programs and other governmental measures to empower women populaces for better sustainable economic growth. However, the percentage of women getting education at the college level is observed to be marginally lower than the average rate in the US states. One possible reason to this problem might be the culture of getting married at young age. Certainly, getting married at a young age may give rise to complexities owing to which, they sometimes may suffer the state of depression, which further disassociates them from studies. Additionally, it has been observed that women of Utah suffer a lot due to low self-esteem. The priority in the lives of women of Utah is their sense of responsibilities towards their family and child that has arguably curbed their interests for pursuing higher education to a certain extent. Furthermore, young girls are often observed to lack open-minded nature for growth to lead an independent life with a sense of pride. Also, the upbringing of girls in the Utah culture is performed in a family oriented manner, decreasing the value for higher education in their lives. Owing to similar reasons, women who tend to study higher education face many issues in the colleges, such as the low level of confidence, lack of motivation and support from the family mostly because of the cultural factors prevailing within the society. Additionally, due to many cultural factors and the typical mindset of the people, women with higher education have to face difficulties in getting a job in Utah. Hence, women who have the urge to groom themselves tend to move outside Utah and prefer to get education, employment and better earning opportunities in their livelihood outside the state (Jacobs, 170-177). FIRST PROPOSAL A possible solution to this problem can be done by stimulating change drivers in the social structure of Utah to discourage marriage at a very young age, by giving more importance to women education and by motivating them to realize their importance in every aspect of life. The problem can also be resolved by creating awareness in Utah for women to seek postsecondary credentials and grades for convenient wage careers, successful household- and homebuilding, involvement in society as an educated community associate, and also for personal satisfaction. In addition, steps can be taken to encourage distance education so that women can keep a balance between their family and education facing lesser hindrances from the society. It is also recommended that the Governor’s office should form and promote a Utah Centre for Women and Higher Education which will be used as a â€Å"

The project of creating Windows as the driving force for Microsoft Essay

The project of creating Windows as the driving force for Microsoft Corp - Essay Example allowed it to come into the market of software for personal computers and in a great extent to create this market. So project of creating Windows became the driving force for Microsoft Corp. The most efficient structure is when activity of the organization consists of project, and every project consists of operations; in this case some projects may be endless. Project managers define human, technical, financial and other resources they need for their projects; then all these needs are summarized and put to the organizational plan and budget. So needs of the projects determine organizational needs and priorities. Also it often happens that very important goals of organization (i.e. new market penetration, getting a state construction contract, getting a software development tender) depend on projects. Sometimes a successful project can save a company from a bankruptcy or irretrievably crush competitors. Project may not be an organizational driving force when it contradicts the organizational goals or is badly planned and doomed to failure. In this case the project draws human, time, technical, financial and other resources from the organization and gives nothing instead. For example, IBM spent a lot of time and effort on development of operating system OS/2, but the project was not successful. IBM is the greatest hardware vendor, but it failed with operating system development. The human factor is important because... The project manager must be able to exert interpersonal influence in order to lead the project team. By Hendrickson, the project manager often gains the support of his/her team through a combination of the following: Formal authority resulting from an official capacity which is empowered to issue orders. Reward and/or penalty power resulting from his/her capacity to dispense directly or indirectly valued organization rewards or penalties. Expert power when the project manager is perceived as possessing special knowledge or expertise for the job. Attractive power because the project manager has a personality or other characteristics to convince others. (Hendrickson, 1998, chap.2) So I will use these issues in my relations with the team. The members of the project team must work together, whether they are assembled from different divisions of the same organization or even from different organizations. Some problems of interaction may arise initially when the team members are unfamiliar with their own roles in the project team, particularly for a large and complex project. These problems must be resolved quickly in order to develop an effective, functioning team. Also I need to explore two important subjects: why the previous project manager was so popular and why the project is about to fail in spite of the great love of the team to him. Maybe his management style was too soft and democratic and work conditions were too hothouse. If so, I would say to the team, "Guys, it was very good, but now it's finished. Let's work together, and let's work hard, because it's the only way for our company to survive. I don't need your love, I need the work done." Also it may be good decision to rebuild

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Example for Free

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Tragically in 1939, after three years of bitter civil war and with the loss of around 750,000 Spanish lives, Spain fell to the rule of a Fascist dictatorship that was to last for almost four decades. The Spanish tragedy has been told and analysed by countless historians, and of these works Gabriel Jacksons The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939 is widely referred to as the definitive liberal history of the Spanish Republic. Jackson begins with an outline of the nineteenth century monarchical and political upheavals that preceded the birth of the Spanish republic in 1931. From there, we are given a detailed account of events leading to Francos final victory in 1939 and finally a synopsis which attempts to address some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Jacksons depiction. One such criticism is that Jackson leaves a crucial part of the story untold, namely that of the struggle of workers and peasants against not just the nationalist forces, but too against the conditions of capitalism and semi-feudalism. One of Jacksons most ardent critics has been Noam Chomsky, who through his Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship has provided an excellent theoretical framework to enable a critical reading of Jackson, primarily in his depiction of events from 1936-1937. In this work Chomsky points to the subordination of liberal intelligencia, universities in particular, to the military- industrial complex, in this case the American State and big business. In other words, writers of ostensibly objective historical works become compromised by their social, economic and political ties to the prevailing ideology, leading them to interpret events with the notion in mind of the inevitability and desirability of bourgeois democracy. Alongside this, according to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the largely humanist-oriented, occasionally ideologically-minded intellectual-dissenter, who sees his role largely in terms of proffering social critiques, is rapidly being displaced either by experts and specialists, who become involved in special governmental undertakings, or by the generalists-integrators, who become in effect house-ideologies for those in power, providing overall intellectual integration for disparate actions.1 The search for objective truth then is subordinated in these instances to the subjectivity of the author/investigator and in the final instance we are given a partial and distorted view of historical events, as is the case with Jacksons work. The motivations and actions of those directly involved are written out of the story, and instead the logic of liberal scholarship gives precedence to the political leadership of the natural parties of government. As Chomsky points out, Jackson makes it abundantly clear that he is, in favour of liberal democracy, as represented by figures such as Azana, Casares Quiroga, Martinez Barrio, and other responsible national leaders. and, makes little attempt to disguise his antipathy towards the forces of popular revolution in Spain, or their goals. 2 Therefore, mass action is generally regarded as of secondary importance to the manoeuvrings of the Popular Front government, even when in practice it was often powerless. Further, when these masses threaten the natural order of capitalist production, by acts of collectivisation, expropriation, land seizure and abolition of money, they are described as, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, counterproductive, ill educated, fundamentally conservative and misled. Only when these masses follow the lead and policies of the natural elite does Jackson recognise and applaud mass contribution, and Jackson fails to recognise the crucial nature of the revolutionary/counterrevolutionary period from the summer of 1936 to 1937 in which, the revolution was largely spontaneous with mass participation of anarchist and socialist industrial and agricultural workers; the counterrevolution was under communist direction3 To partly summarise Chomskys criticisms, two examples of Jacksons subjective analysis of this period are, the role of the Communist Party in Spain and collectivisation in Catalonia. Under a Moscow directive, the PCE was founded in Spain with only 800 members in 1930. This number grew to around 20,000 in 1934 while the PCE had dropped its social fascist stance regarding other left groupings, to embrace all parties of the left under the Popular Front umbrella. Stalin had concluded that international fascismposed a threat after allHis answer was the adoption during 1934/35 of a Popular Front policy for resisting fascism.4 This membership grew to over 250,000 during the first eight months of the war, 40% of this number being made up the petit bourgeoisie. The PCE, again under orders from Moscow, embraced bourgeois democracy, their only task to defend the Republic, and revolutionary action by the masses was not on Stalins agenda. In responding to a plea from help from Spains Popular Front government, Stalin was perusing what he perceived to be in the foreign policy interest of the Soviet UnionWhat Soviet aidbegan to reach Spain in October 1936, was emphatically not intended to advance the cause of social revolution in Republican Spain.5 Jackson however claims, The interrupted movement toward world revolution, as well as the security of the Soviet Union, might well be advanced by a Republican victory in Spain.6 Chomsky rightly regards Jacksons view of The Soviet Union as a nation hungry to embrace world revolution as entirely mistaken, and indeed the Soviet Union of the 1930s had come a long way from the days of the storming of the Winter Palace in the November Revolution of 1917. Russia is a totalitarian regimethe frame of mind its leaders is cynical and opportunist. To expect such men to lead a social revolution in Spain, where the wildest idealism is combined with great independence of character, was out of the question.7 Political purges and show trials in the Soviet Union in 1934-36 had seen potential political opposition to Stalin brutally removed, many being accused, as was Leon Trotsky, of having been in league with Hitler. Russia was then a country with a revolutionary past, not a revolutionary present.8 Stalins main aim in 1936 was to ward off any threat from Hitlers Germany, by allying himself with Britain and France. Accordingly, a proletarian revolution in Spain could not be allowed to succeed, bringing as it would a threat of instability to ruling classes the world over, and a shift in the balance of European power. Communist policy as regards Spain then was one of subordinating their [PCE] national policies to the USSRs supposed international interests.9 In effect this meant the defence of all legitimate middle-class authority at the expense the grass root militancy that could have helped avert the tragic outcome to Spains civil war. As one communist student of the time, critical of such policy noted, But a more revolutionary course will only frighten the democracies, people said. What nonsense! The capitalist democracies were frightened enough already by what was happening in Spain. Stalin wont agree, said others. But was that the case? Would Stalin not have had to do what he did anyway and a lot more, perhaps if we had pursued a more revolutionary course? Could he afford to be seen betraying a proletarian revolution?10 The next bone of contention, is the account Jackson gives of collectivisation. In the initial process of collectivisation, Jackson berates unions in Valencia and Barcelona for abusing their sudden authority to place the sign incautado on all manner of buildings and vehicles.11 However, as Chomsky notes, this wording belies Jacksons ignorance towards the reality of the revolutionary situation. While Jackson recognises the occurrence of ..the most profound social revolution since the fifteenth century..12, it seems that he is not inclined to recognise the actions that are an integral part of such a profound social revolution. Later, Jackson claims that in 1936, the revolutionary tide began to ebb in Cataloniaaccumulating food and supply problems, and the experience of administering villages, frontier posts, and public utilities, had rapidly shown the anarchists the unexpected complexity of modern society.13 Chomsky on the other hand points to the attack led by the Communist Party to destroy the gains made by workers and peasants without the blessing of any legitimate government force. First win the war then make the revolution, was the slogan that epitomised the drive to subordinate the revolutionary aspirations of the masses to the will of the legitimate powers. Collectivisation brought order to the chaotic situation All the parties and organisations solemnly agreed to respect the letter and the spirit of the new law; but within three months the Republican parties were systematically obstructing it; and soon afterwards the communists were sabotaging it..14 and International capitalism was determined to do everything in its power to force the failure of the collectivised Catalan economy.15 Chomsky too challenges Jacksons attitude towards and analysis of war production and distribution in collectivised areas. For example, In Catalonia, the CNT factory committees dragged their heels on war production, claiming that the government deprived them of raw materials and was favouring the bourgeoisie,16 Firstly this is in stark contrast to Jacksons charitable attitude towards production methods in fascist controlled areas, and his fairly uncritical depiction of later communist methods which involved substantially restoring a free market in essential without any apparent benefits to the war effort. Secondly, as Chomsky notes, Jackson does not substantiate his statement with fact. These two criticisms perhaps point to another instance where Jackson noticeably favours traditional capitalist production against that of the collective. In any case, evidence points to the fact that while conditions were favourable, with access to raw materials for example, collective production rivalled that elsewhere in Spain. The war industry in Catalonia had produced ten times more than the rest of Spanish industry put together and .this output could have been quadrupled as from beginning of September if Catalonia had had access to the necessary raw materials that were unobtainable in Spanish territory.17 Further, it is evident that the central government denied much needed financial assistance because of its lack of sympathy with, rather hostility towards collectivisation. Only in exchange for government control would they give financial assistance.18 Whatever accusations may be levelled at the running of the collectives, at least two points must be remembered. Firstly, in many instances, collectivisation came as the result of a huge surge from below, The revolution was like a dog shaking itself when it comes out of the water the Spanish people shaking itself free of 400 years injustice. There was nothing we militants could do but go ahead or shoot ourselves.19 Secondly, against overwhelming odds, the Catalan working class kept collectivised production going for thirty months of war.20 In conclusion, this paper has only managed to briefly capture Chomskys detailed criticism of Jackson, and to follow on from Chomsky is no easy task given his coherent, thoroughly researched critique. Chomsky highlights Jacksons apparent lack of understanding of the true nature of revolutionary struggle, which leads him to mistakenly identify the 1930s Soviet Union as a revolutionary force and to disparage the actions of mass movements lacking conventional political leadership. The first mistaken belief is, as Chomsky points out, entirely in keeping with the American Cold War mythology that has invented an international Communist conspiracy directed from Moscow to justify its own interventionist policies.21 The two beliefs together lead him to significantly underplay the destructive role played by Communist policy in Spain, which, while not wholly to blame for the Fascist victory, significantly dented the workers will to fight. Many theorists have argued that only a successful revolution could have ultimately beaten the fascists, and that an early arming of workers could have averted three years of carnage. However, We werent being armed because the Republican authorities were more frightened of the working class than off the military. (Francisco Cabrera, Communist Youth, Seville) Communist insistence on an exclusively Popular Front, petty bourgeois programme was disastrous, which ultimately undermined the fight against Fascism. The loss of the Civil War in Spain to the fascists was more than just a military defeat, as in the words of Ronald Fraser, For the objective was not only to castigate the defeated but to crush for all time working class militancy and the threat of socialist revolution, so that Spanish capitalism could prosper. Quotes 1 Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship, p30 2 Chomsky, p75 3 Chomsky, p81 4 Blinkhorn, Democracy and Civil War in Spain, p36 5 Blinkhorn, p36 6 Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, p259 7 Chomsky, p84 8 Chomsky, p85 9 Fraser, Blood of Spain, p328 10 Fraser, p329 11 Jackson, p279 12 Jackson, p277 13 Jackson, p314 14 Fraser, p215 15 Fraser, p216 16 Jackson, p365 17 Chomsky, p89 18 Chomsky, p90 19 Fraser, p229 20 Fraser, p234 21 Chomsky, p86 Bibliography Jackson, G, 1965, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Press Fraser, R, 1979, Blood of Spain, Penguin Blinkhorn, M, Democracy and Civil War in Spain Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship