Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Example

Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Example Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Part 1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gross domestic product (GDP) – GDP is the total market value of all final services and goods produced in a given year in a given country. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Real GDP – Real GDP is the result of the production activity within a given country at a specific years prices. If one compares two or more periods of time using the same year’s prices for goods and services then the result is a purchasing power comparison as seen over time. This happens because the inflation effects have been mitigated by using constant prices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nominal GDP – Nominal GDP is simply GDP that has not been adjusted for inflation. Nominal GDP does not reflect purchasing power but does show how an economy has expanded and contracted in dollars. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rate – The most basic definition of an unemployment rate is those people who are unemployed but are actively seeking work and willing to work. It is typically expressed in the form of a percentage. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inflation rate – inflation is usually expressed in an annual percentage and is the price increase for goods and services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest rate – An interest rate is the percentage of the principal funds that is charged and paid for the use of money. It is expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR) for loans and annual percentage yield (APY) for interest earned. Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees, or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from one entity to another and back again. Those entities cover government, businesses, and households. How those resources ebb and flow will differ with each situation and have an impact in a â€Å"trickle-down† effect from the government to businesses and finally to households. Decrease in Taxes When the Government decides to reduce taxes, the tax typically assumed to see the reduction is the income tax. â€Å"According to the  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), approximately 43% of tax revenues are generated through this tax. Personal income taxes are levied against income, interest, dividends and capital gains, with higher earners generally paying higher tax rates. (Investopedia, 2012) When a tax reduction occurs, the government will collect less taxes which reduces the amount of monies available for entitlement programs. Households can be affected in a couple of different ways. If a household is a higher wage earning household then less taxes can result in more discretionary income to spend at businesses who offer services the household members wish to utilize. If the house hold is lower income the decrease in taxes will increase their income but will adversely affect any entitlement programs in which they may be enrolled. For businesses, the reduction in income tax will affect their businesses per the consumer impact. If there is more discretionary income then more money is available to spend on their goods or services. If there is less discretionary income, then of course, the opposite would be true. Massive Layoff of Employees From a government standpoint and governmental employees, when there is a massive layoff of governmental employees, historically, there has not been more than a ripple in the unemployment rate overall. A 1995 survey and a subsequent 1999 follow up to municipalities in Illinois found that the average amount of people still unemployed after a governmental layoff was only 3. 8%. (Reason Foundation, 2012) From a governmental employee standpoint, there is not a large scale economic impact which means that the majority of affected governmental workers will still have income to spend at businesses and for their household needs. When private sector businesses have a massive layoff occur, they are required by Federal law to notify the affected employees 60 days in advance. The employees have an opportunity to look for other jobs in that timeframe, however, resources will begin to be held back by the households in the case of long term unemployment which will in turn cause business who offer the good and services to the affected families to experience a decrease in sales. Purchasing of Groceries Groceries are an inelastic product. People will purchase food regardless of the price because they need to eat. When a household purchases groceries, and pays a higher price for them in one grocery store versus another, the business which earned the opportunity for the sale will benefit. The government does not benefit from a tax standpoint on non-processed foods. Processed foods, however, are taxable; which is a benefit to the government. The Government may also pay a producer not to produce a food so as to stabilize the market. A couple of examples of this situation are in the commodities of rice and wheat. Producers are paid not to plant as much so the market price of the end product is stabilized. In fact, those producers are paid not to produce so there is no loss of income to those households. Conclusion Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their income taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from government, businesses, and households. Resource flow also has an ebb phase. The entire cycle is driven by an almost an amazing number of determinants. These determinants all have an effect on the final outcome as to where and how the Government, businesses, and households use their finite resources. References Richard Coultier, Do Tax Cuts Stimulate the Economy? (June 23, 2010) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from investopedia. com/articles/07/tax_cuts. asp#axzz1kIPnIgcg The Reason Foundation, Privatization and Layoffs (March 1, 2001) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from http://reason. org/news/show/privatization-and-layoffs

Friday, November 22, 2019

How Odds Are Related to Probability

How Odds Are Related to Probability Many times the odds of an event occurring are posted. For example, one might say that a particular sports team is a 2:1 favorite to win the big game. What many people do not realize is that odds such as these are really just a restatement of the probability of an event. Probability compares the number of successes to the total number of attempts made. The odds in favor of an event compares the number of successes to the number of failures.  In what follows, we will see what this means in greater detail. First, we consider a little notation. Notation for Odds We express our odds as a ratio of one number to another. Typically we read ratio A:B as A to B. Each number of these ratios can be multiplied by the same number. So the odds 1:2 is equivalent to saying 5:10. Probability to Odds Probability can be carefully defined using set theory and a few axioms, but the basic idea is that probability uses a real number between zero and one to measure the likelihood of an event occurring. There are a variety of ways to think about how to compute this number. One way is to think about performing an experiment several times. We count the number of times that the experiment is successful and then divide this number by the total number of trials of the experiment. If we have A successes out of a total of N trials, then the probability of success is A/N. But if we instead consider the number of successes versus the number of failures, we are now calculating the odds in favor of an event. If there were N trials and A successes, then there were N - A B failures. So the odds in favor are A to B. We can also express this as A:B. An Example of Probability to Odds In the past five seasons, crosstown football rivals the Quakers and the Comets have played each other with the Comets winning twice and the Quakers winning three times. On the basis of these outcomes, we can calculate the probability the Quakers win and the odds in favor of their winning. There was a total of three wins out of five, so the probability of winning this year is 3/5 0.6 60%. Expressed in terms of odds, we have that there were three wins for the Quakers and two losses, so the odds in favor of them winning are 3:2. Odds to Probability The calculation can go the other way. We can start with odds for an event and then derive its probability. If we know that the odds in favor of an event are A to B, then this means that there were A successes for A B trials. This means that the probability of the event is A/(A B ). An Example of Odds to Probability A clinical trial reports that a new drug has odds of 5 to 1 in favor of curing a disease. What is the probability that this drug will cure the disease? Here we say that for every five times that the drug cures a patient, there is one time where it does not. This gives a probability of 5/6 that the drug will cure a given patient. Why Use Odds? Probability is nice, and gets the job done, so why do we have an alternate way to express it? Odds can be helpful when we want to compare how much larger one probability is relative to another. An event with a probability 75% has odds of 75 to 25. We can simplify this to 3 to 1. This means that the event is three times more likely to occur than not occur.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

IMRD RESEARCH PAPER (McDonalds) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

IMRD (McDonalds) - Research Paper Example It helps eradicate all chronic disease like diabetes through eating the right food. People should be ready for jogging mostly at the morning to avoid obesity. The disease is associated with heart attacks. This Keeps people in good shape, Regardless of Mc Donald’s being the community based company, it should consider the health factor of the people not only the profits. As the most bigly and formally known in the community, it should come up with booklet advising the community the significant of good meal but not to ruin their life by making them food addicts. By the company so doing health will be stabilized through feeding ourselves with good food. Most of the children are overweight or obese, this is caused with parent feeding their children in fats and a lot of food staff which is overwhelming the fridge and all store in the house. Parent should consider the food thy give their children. Not only to buy sweet and sugary food. People have to consider the benefit of the food they buy for their children. Mc Donald’s have been criticized for not selling standardized food for the children making them nearly one third of America children are fat. This has attracted attention in the nation from healthy professional, parent to consumer. As attention is centered with many people, it has forced the company to come up with sugar free juice like apple dipper. Most of the company customers are children who come to eat their as the company claim to raise more money for food. This will chase their client as many young people and children cannot afford to buy food there. This will make the company less competitive; therefore, it will be out of market and losing some of its customer hence going loss. The companies don’t want to lose its sale through rising of price. Many people were insulated that the company does not provide quality food which is harmful; to consumer and children that why it’s selli ng very cheap their food. Since the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Business Diversity Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Diversity - Case Study Example While cultivating to make improvements in business marginal returns, Fresh food has faced several challenges including ethnicity. This has been illustrated by Vivian’s sentiments accepting that she is likely to face ethnic challenges while settling in Phoenix. The business also faces communication barrier because Vivian is considering-employing translators to help aid the purchases at Phoenix, which is perceived to be dominated by different racial communities. Despite the fact that fresh food faces numerous problems as stated above, the business has done its best to stock variety of food thus represent a divergent culture. Moreover, the business principal mandate is based on good communication as a way of ensuring customers sustainability. The organizational arrangements to deliver freely to disabled members of the society is a clear illustration how it respects the dignity of members of the society (Hellriegel &Slocum, 2007). Fresh food having embraced diversity as one of its strengths gets the potential to capture broader market margin. This clearly indicates that the business is targeting a bigger population hence capable of getting higher returns. In addition, the issue of diversity is also an indication of societal representation. This put the business at the highest end of achieving its competitive edge. However, diversity calls for additional costs in terms of hiring professionals. For instance, for Vivian to translators at Arizona she would need an additional overhead cost (Golembiewski, 1995). To get a noble workforce, Vivian’s recruitment procedure entail understanding the environment as this would help her to relate well with the society. Secondly, she should consider candidates for interviews mainly from Arizona. After getting adequate number, she can proceed and put them on probation, as this would help her in identifying the right personnel who can deliver as per

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Rhetorical Analysis on Jfks Speech Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis on Jfks Speech Essay On august 28, 1963, a civil right activist Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his most famous speech called â€Å"I Have a Dream† during the march on Washington. In his speech, Dr. King used many literary elements in order to enhance his speech. He included allusion, metaphors, personification and tropes such as anaphora, alliteration and rhetoric question. Dr. Martin Luther King began his speech with a personifications and metaphors. The first personification he used to describe what it was like to live as an African American during the 1900’s. He stated â€Å"One hundred years later the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination,† which means the African American (Negro) were handcuffed by the segregation and no matter what they do or how smart they are, they will never be able to escape segregation and they are chained by the discrimination. This discrimination won’t let them do what they are capable of doing. The metaphor is used in the speech to compare the African Race to a bad check, â€Å"insufficient fund.† When the slavery ended in America, the African American hoped to cash the check of freedom, when the magnificent words flow from the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, but instead to honoring the words, American gave the African the â€Å"bad check† which eventually come back as insufficient fund. As the speech goes on, he used a paradox to show the contradiction. This quote, â€Å"I have dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:’ we hold these truths to be elf-evident: that all men are created equal,’† is a perfect example of paradox because in the constitution, its states that all men are created equal and even though the constitution is consider to be the supreme law of the land, people chose to ignore it. He used anaphora to emphasize that he dreams about, to live in American without the segregation and the hostile feeling between the White and the African American. The use of rhetoric question, help readers and listeners to think of their own answer. In the speech, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his own Rhetoric question and his answer to the question. â€Å"When will you be satisfied?† he asked, and he answered â€Å"we can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality,† he would never be satisfied until the African American  and White hold hands and recite the National Anthem. Adding the subtle or an obvious element can improve any piece of writing tremendously. They can give the text that hunting feeling, where the goosebumps start crawling into your skins. The elements used in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech helped the speech into becoming one of the most influential speech written in the world.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Plato :: essays research papers

Since the human beings came together and began to live communities, necessities to be administrated became the most important subject for human kind. There were said many things on this issue; there have been put many claims and interpretations on well, just and equal administration by many philosophers. They searched for the best administration that will guide people equally, just and well; that will provide sustainability, peace and prosperity between communities. In fact there are many forms of government that operating in the world. These regimes/forms of government are born from the characters of people who live in them and who are governed by them. It is necessary to mention something about Plato’s general theory in order to understand him very well. First of all Plato’s Republic is about a method of doing political philosophy. It is a systematic sustained treatence of issues, issues of just society, issues about state, issues about individual. These are all public things. He wanted to find an ultimate meaning of all these things; why they exist, how they should exist. He wanted to find absolute answer for these. So in this sense Plato’s Republic reaches old and known conclusion of major interests in their own right. His Republic provides epistemological and metaphysical combination for his political theory. According to Plato, a political society constitutes a natural whole that is own kind of excellent and well being. It means that society creates an aggregation individual, something more than that, and it has a natural existence. Individual and society can be defined as a unity and according to Plato a society and an individual are so similar that each has a proper and set of virtues. So for Plato, the character, opinion like attitudes of an individual are the product of society, and the individual has no existence without society. They imitate the society, if a society is right/just, the individual is right/just. Individuals drive their ability from society and they are trained in that way. According to Plato, the understanding of justice is about societal needs, which are common to all members of society. So society can satisfy members’ needs efficiently by dividing their labours. So people are born with their skills and virtues according to Plato. They would know these skill s and virtues when they grow up. If they are not fit for forming they should not do that. This is why importance/role of education come to discover each person’s skills.

Monday, November 11, 2019

A sad lonely day

I could hear the ripples in the water. Tried to skip rocks through the water, but all I could think about was you. How It was a very sad and lonely day. One day I thought about the trees and the flowers, but of course you'd pop up again. I always thought that life would be possible without you. The more I think about it; the more that dream seems to be impossible. I hate this life I live because school nor life could ever be as good as you were. You were the inspiration that kept me going in school that made me try and now that you're gone I not know what to do with my life anymore.I hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help Is with my History class, but that can't even seem to be close to being done since all you do now a days Is Ignore me, The water was quiet so quiet that I could hear the ripples in the water. I tried to skip rocks through the water, but all I could think about was you. How it was a very sad and lonely day. One day I thought about the trees a nd the flowers, but of course you'd pop up again. I always thought that life would be possible without you.The more I think about it; the more that dream seems to be Impossible. I hate this life I live because school nor life could ever be as good as you were. You were the Inspiration that kept me going In school that made me try and now that you're gone I don't know what to do with my life anymore. I hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help is with my History class, but that can't even seem to be close to being done since all you do now a days is ignore me. The water was quiet so quiet that I could hear the ripples in the water.I tried to skip rocks through the water, but all I could think about was you. How it was a very sad and lonely day. One day I thought about the trees and the flowers, but of course you'd pop up again, I always thought that life would be possible without you. The more I think about it; the more that dream seems to be Impossible. I hate this life I live because school nor life could ever be as good as you were. You were the inspiration that kept me going in school that made me try and now that you're gone I don't know what to do with my life anymore.I hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help is with my History class, but that can't even seem to be close to being done since all you do now a days is ignore me. The water was quiet so quiet that I could hear the ripples In the water. I tried to skip rocks through the water, but all I could think about was you. How it was a very sad and lonely day. One day I thought about the trees and the flowers, but of course you'd pop up again. I always thought that life would be possible without you.The more I think about it; the more that dream seems to be impossible. I hate this life I live because school nor life could ever be as good as you were. You were the inspiration that kept me going in school that made me try and now that you're gone I don't know w hat to do with my life anymore. Hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help Is with my History class, but that can't even seem to be close to being done since all you do now but of course you'd pop up again.I always thought that life would be possible diet so quiet that I could hear the ripples in the water. I tried to skip rocks through school that made me try and now that you're gone I don't know what to do with my life anymore. I hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help is with my without you. The more I think about it; the more that dream seems to be impossible. I you're gone I don't know what to do with my life anymore. I hate the fact that I don't know this and all I really need help is with my History class, but that can't even seem a days is ignore me.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

A religious or moral issue Essay

Analyse and explain the way in which a religious or moral issue of concern to Christians has been dealt with in a television soap opera The moral issue that I have chosen to follow is adultery, which is when a married person has voluntary sexual intercourse with other married or not married people, rather than his or her spouse. The reason I have chosen this moral issue is because it is part of everyday life, many people are doing it and are not taking notice of the hurt and pain they are causing. I have chosen Eastenders for my soap opera, because it is a popular soap and the moral issue adultery is shown, through Natalie and Ricky’s affair. Christians have a strong view on adultery, they believe that you should keep sexual intercourse for marriage because it makes it part of a religious or spiritual contact and it makes it dependant on a commitment to spend the rest of your life with someone, also â€Å"Do not commit adultery† is one of the ten commandments, so Christians are totally against adultery. The main characters involved were Ricky, Natalie, Pat and Barry. The storyline begins with, Ricky and his son Liam coming back to the square after a few years away. After a few weeks Ricky is starting to settle down and he is renting a flat with Sam Mitchell his ex-wife, Natalie and Ricky are friends at this point. After a while Natalie realizes she still loves Ricky, her first love, and starts meeting up with him secretly and has sexual intercourse with him. Natalie makes up excuses saying that she’s working overtime and during her lunch breaks when she’s really meeting up with Ricky. One night Pat sees Ricky picking up Natalie from round the corner from their house. The next morning Pat confronts Natalie about what she saw and tells her to end it but Natalie starts crying and says that she still loves Ricky, but Pat tells Natalie about her own love life and that she would be making a big mistake by seeing Ricky. Natalie is still confused and not sure whom she wants to be with. On Ricky’s birthday Natalie stays home and looks after Jack and Liam, Ricky’s son. So Barry, Pat and Roy can go to Ricky’s party soon after they arrive Barry persuades Roy and Pat to go home and baby-sit so Natalie can come to the party. When Natalie arrives she gives Ricky his card and on the back of the envelope Natalie wrote meet me outside the back where she tells him that she is going to leave Barry. Pat and Natalie talk again and Pat shows Natalie the secret tape, which Barry has recorded for Natalie’s birthday it is a really special tape because Barry says how much he loves her, how important she is to him and how happy she makes him feel, after seeing the video Natalie realises that she is doing wrong and tells Ricky it’s over. Natalie realises she can’t forget Ricky and soon their affair is back on and they plan to move away from the square and start afresh. They plan to leave on Natalie’s birthday, Natalie doesn’t even care about the preparations that Barry made for her birthday party in the Vic. They are ready to head off but Ricky’s car has broken down so they have to take the car that Barry bought for Natalie. Barry is still in the Vic waiting for the guest of honour to arrive but Janine knows about Ricky and Natalie and tells Barry. Barry runs outside and sees Natalie driving off but he stops them. Natalie then tells Barry she’s leaving him, Barry takes her into the Vic and shows her what he has organised for her, Natalie runs off to the toilets Barry runs after her and tries o make her change her mind but her minds already made up. Natalie is ready to leave but then Janine tells Natalie that Ricky slept with Sam, Natalie leaves the square only taking her son with her. Barry is left heartbroken, he then finds out that Pat knew about Ricky and Natalie, Pat and Roy end up having an argument about it, Roy has a heart attack and dies. The issue seen was dealt sensitively because the different characters feelings were expressed, although it was Natalie who was having the affair, you could see that not only was it the innocent partner that was confused but the partner which was committing adultery was even more confused, Natalie wasn’t sure who she wanted to be with at some points and was getting very upset over it. Pat tried to help her make the right decision but Natalie didn’t care. This soap opera made the moral issue less appealing, I think that it made people think more about what they are doing is totally wrong. The reason it did not make it more appealing is because it showed all the different circumstances people were left in, Natalie ended it with Ricky because he slept with Sam, Barry was left with no son and no wife, the baby was left with no father, Pat was left as the enemy and homeless because Roy dies and leaves the house to Barry, so the issue was shown well balanced because all the main characters feelings and circumstances were shown, many of the characters were feeling hurt. Overall I think this soap opera has shown adultery to be unpleasant because it shows just how many peoples lives are ruined not just the adultery committers, but people who try to help them understand what they are doing is wrong, but are then given the evil for not telling the truthful partner. So this teaches most viewers that adultery is not a good thing. I don’t think that soap opera’s might affect people’s behaviour because mostly they deal with issues to express the circumstances of good and bad. This issue would not cause offence because although it is an issue, which is happening in everyday life it is not based on particular people.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

5 puntos migración de cubanos a EE.UU., incluido asilo

5 puntos migracià ³n de cubanos a EE.UU., incluido asilo La polà ­tica migratoria de Estados Unidos hacia los cubanos es, en algunos aspectos, diferente a la que se aplica al resto de nacionalidades y es fruto de la situacià ³n histà ³rica de la Guerra Frà ­a. Se estima que aproximadamente dos millones de cubanos y cubano-americanos residen en Estados Unidos, siendo Florida el estado donde un mayor nà ºmero se concentra. En la actualidad cuando se habla de migracià ³n y cubanos es necesario tener en cuenta 5 puntos: fin de polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados, Ley Ajuste Cubano, peticià ³n de asilo en frontera, deportaciones y, finalmente, solicitud de visas no inmigrantes para cubanos que desean visitar temporalmente Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © significa el fin de Pies secos, pies mojados? Por decisià ³n del anterior presidente de Estados Unidos Barack Obama se puso fin a la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados que durante aà ±os posibilità ³ a los cubanos emigrar ms fcilmente que otros extranjeros. Esta polà ­tica permità ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a los cubanos que tocaban suelo estadounidense y al aà ±o iniciar los trmites para obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente, mientras que, por otro lado, se regresaban a Cuba o se enviaban a un tercer paà ­s a aquellos cubanos interceptados en el mar cuando trataban de llegar a EE.UU. Al mismo tiempo que se cambià ³ esa polà ­tica se puso fin al programa CMPP para trabajadores de sanidad cubanos en programas de trabajo fuera de la Isla. Ley de Ajuste Cubano Por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano de 2 de noviembre de 1966,  las personas de esa nacionalidad ingresaron  legalmente en Estados Unidos pueden solicitar la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus, si pueden demostrar una estancia continuada en el paà ­s de un aà ±o y un dà ­a. Para ingresar legalmente se necesita una visa de inmigrante o una de los muchos tipos de visa no inmigrante, es decir, un documento emitido por una embajada o por un consulado de los Estados Unidos. Cubanos y asilo en Estados Unidos Para solicitar asilo en los pasos migratorios de una de las fronteras terrestres, aeropuertos o puertos de los Estados Unidos se pide a los cubanos que cumplan los mismos requisitos que los candidatos de otros paà ­ses. Para el caso de la frontera terrestre que separa EE.UU. y Mà ©xico, desde el 16 de julio de 2019 aplica la obligacià ³n de pedir previamente asilo en al menos un paà ­s por el que se haya transitado antes de llegar a dicha frontera. Para admitirse la solicitud de asilo en el puesto migratorio terrestre de EE.UU. tendr que demostrarse que se ha cumplido con ese requisito y que las autoridades de dicho tercer paà ­s la ha denegado. Ademas, cabe destacar que el asilo solo se aprueba por una de las circunstancias previstas por la ley y el hecho de ser de un paà ­s que es una dictadura o tiene un rà ©gimen comunista no es razà ³n suficiente para que el asilo sea aprobado. Los requisitos que pide la ley es que el solicitante haya sido perseguido o tema ser perseguido si regresa a su paà ­s por una de las siguientes causas: nacionalidad, raza, religià ³n, opinià ³n polà ­tica o membresà ­a en un grupo determinado. En la actualidad, un nà ºmero rà ©cord de cubanos que solicitaron asilo en la frontera y que las autoridades estadounidenses consideran que no tienen un buen caso de asilo se encuentran detenidos en prisiones migratorias mientras esperan que se resuelva su caso, lo cual puede demorarse meses. Por otro lado, los cubanos que solicitan el asilo y se les concede un parole para que ingresen al paà ­s pueden seguir en libertad su caso de asilo mientras que, al mismo tiempo, deben solicitar ajuste cubano al aà ±o y dà ­a de ingresar al paà ­s con el parole y cancelar, asà ­, la peticià ³n de asilo. En los aà ±os fiscales 2015 a 2017 –los à ºltimos de los que hay datos publicados por el gobierno– los cubanos no estn entre las diez nacionalidades con mayor nà ºmero de casos de asilo aprobado, tanto en la modalidad afirmativa como en la defensiva. Por à ºltimo, no se debe confundir el asilo con la condicià ³n de refugiado, que es una situacià ³n similar pero distinta y que tiene como condicià ³n imprescindible que la solicitud se realice fuera de EE.UU. y de sus fronteras. El Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas es una de las instituciones que se ocupa de tramitar el papeleo de la condicià ³n de refugiado para cubanos. Cubanos y deportacià ³n Durante dà ©cadas, Estados Unidos no deportaba a los cubanos. La razà ³n principal era la negativa del gobierno castrista de admitir a los cubanos deportados. Sin embargo, actualmente La Habana est admitiendo en su territorio a sus nacionales deportados siempre y cuanto se cumplan ciertas reglas fijadas conjuntamente con Estados Unidos. A consecuencia de ello, en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal EE.UU. deportà ³ a 436 cubanos. Para evitar la deportacià ³n es altamente recomendable que todos los cubanos que cumplen con los requisitos soliciten la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n, lo cual imposibilita la deportacià ³n a Cuba. Visas no inmigrante para cubanos En la actualidad, los Estados Unidos no est emitiendo visas en Cuba a ciudadanos cubanos, quienes deben solicitarlas en una oficina consular estadounidense en un tercer paà ­s como, por ejemplo, Mà ©xico. Asimismo, en estos momentos y por decisià ³n del gobierno del presidente Donald Trump ya no se emiten a los ciudadanos cubanos visas no inmigrantes, como la de turista, estudiante o intercambio, con validez de cinco aà ±os. Ahora las visas son vlidas para un à ºnico viaje por un mximo de tres meses. Cubanos y migracià ³n EE.UU. No aplica: Pies secos, pies mojados, polà ­tica que permità ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a todos los cubanos que tocasen suelo estadounidense. Esta polà ­tica dejà ³ de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017.No aplica: visas especiales CMPP para personal sanitario cubano en misiones en el exterior. Se dejà ³ de aplicar en misma fecha que Pies secos, pies mojados.Sà ­ aplica: Ley de Ajuste Cubano, que permite a todos los cubanos que ingresan a EE.UU. legalmente solicitar la tarjeta de residencia permanente al aà ±o y un dà ­a de entrar al paà ­s. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Population Biology Basics

Population Biology Basics Populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time. Populations, like individual organisms, have unique attributes such as growth rate, age structure, sex ratio, and mortality rate Populations change over time due to births, deaths, and the dispersal of individuals between separate populations. When resources are plentiful and environmental conditions appropriate, populations can increase rapidly. A populations ability to increase at its maximum rate under optimal conditions is called its biotic potential. Biotic potential is represented by the letter r when used in mathematical equations. Keeping the Population in Check In most instances, resources are not unlimited and environmental conditions are not optimal. Climate, food, habitat, water availability, and other factors keep population growth in check due to environmental resistance. The environment can only support a limited number of individuals in a population before some resource runs out or limits the survival of those individuals. The number of individuals that a particular habitat or environment can support is referred to as the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is represented by the letter K when used in mathematical equations. Growth Characteristics Populations can sometimes be categorized by their growth characteristics. Species whose populations increase until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment and then level off are referred to as K-selected species. Species whose populations increase rapidly, often exponentially, quickly filling available environments, are referred to as r-selected species. Characteristics of K-selected species include: Late maturationFewer, larger youngLonger life spansMore parental careIntense competition for resources Characteristics of r-selected species include: Early maturationNumerous, smaller youngShorter lifespansLess parental careA little competition for resources Population Density Some environmental and biological factors can influence a population differently depending on its density. If population density is high, such factors become increasingly limiting on the success of the population. For example, if individuals are cramped in a small area, the disease may spread faster than it would if population density were low. Factors that are affected by population density are referred to as density-dependent factors. There are also densitys of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter. Intra-Specific Competition Another limiting factor on populations is intra-specific competition which occurs when individuals within a population compete with one another to obtain the same resources. Sometimes intra-specific competition is direct, for example when two individuals vie for the same food, or indirect, when one individuals action alters and possibly harms the environment of another individual. Populations of animals interact with each other and their environment in a variety of ways. One of the primary interactions a population has with its environment and other populations is due to feeding behavior. Types of Herbivores The consumption of plants as a food source is referred to as herbivory and the animals that do this consuming are called herbivores. There are different types of herbivores. Those that feed on grasses are referred to as grazers. Animals that eat leaves and other portions of woody plants are called browsers, while those that consume fruits, seeds, sap, and pollen are called frugivores. Predators and Prey Populations of carnivorous animals that feed on other organisms are called predators. The populations on which predators feed are called prey. Often, predator and prey populations cycle in a complex interaction. When prey resources are abundant, predator numbers increase until the prey resources wane. When prey numbers drop, predator numbers dwindle as well. If the environment provides adequate refuge and resources for prey, their numbers may again increase and the cycle begins again. Competing Species The concept of competitive exclusion suggests that two species that require identical resources cannot coexist in the same location. The reasoning behind this concept is that one of those two species will be better adapted to that environment and be more successful, to the point of excluding the lesser species from the environment. Yet we find that many species with similar requirements do coexist. Because the environment is varied, competing species can use resources in different ways when competition is intense, thus allowing space for one another. When two interacting species, for example, predator and prey, evolve together, they can influence the evolution of the other. This is referred to as coevolution. Sometimes coevolution results in two species that influence (both positively or negatively) from each other, in a relationship referred to as symbiosis. The various types of symbiosis include: Parasitism: One species (parasite) benefits more than the other species (host).Commensalism: One species benefits while a second species is neither helped nor injured.Mutualism: Both species benefit from the interaction.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Constitutional Law - Essay Example The history of constitutional law in the UK goes far back to 1689, the year in which the English Bill of Rights was passed. This bill curtailed the royal family’s legality to superimpose its will on the parliament – its unlawful suspension and imposing taxes through it. The then King William III and Queen Mary took an oath that they would obey the laws enacted by the parliament. The other important laws passed were the 1689 Toleration Act – promoting religious toleration and the 1694 Triennial Act – obstructing the king from dissolving the parliament and upholding of general elections after three years. These laws provide a background on the present sovereign status of British Parliament and its upper hand over English courts. (Magna Carta, 1215 - 1689 English Bill of Rights) (http://www.legalserviceindia.com/constitution/const_uk.htm) Albert Dicey, in his book Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885) has exposed the supremacy of Parliament thus: "Parliament... has... the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament." The implications of this school of thought envisaged the supremacy of parliament to make laws. It provided for the future parliamentarians to override an earlier law and it was a prerogative of the Parliament only to make, amend and formulate new laws. Although the Act of the Union of 1707 created ambiguity regarding its application in Scotland and some members of Scottish jury disagreed with it in principle. It becomes clear in Lord Copper’s judgement in the case MacCormick v. Lord Advocate in 1953. "It is often said that it would be unconstitutional for the United Kingdom Parliament to do certain things, †¦If Parliament chose to do any of them the courts would not hold the Act of Parliament invalid." But the actual picture was quite different. In 2004 when the